ETHICS 2.0 Flashcards
(124 cards)
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Ethics
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the practical science dealing with the morality of human conduct
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Ethics is a science and Ethics is a practical science
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Two important elements of ethics
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Human acts
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The material object which is the subject matter of the science
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Right morality or the rectitude of human acts
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The formal object which aim or special way that the science employs in studying with its material object.
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General ethics and applied ethics
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The two dimensions of ethics
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General ethics
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deals with the morality of human act that mainly focuses on the basic concepts
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Applied ethics
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Refers to the application of the moral principles
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Theory and practice
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ethics is both?
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Prescriptivity
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Impartiality
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prescriptivity
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The action-guiding nature of morality. It implies that moral principles prescribe how individuals should act and behave in various situations.
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Impartiality
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Moral principles should be neutral. it should apply to anyone regardless of status or situations
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Overridingness
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Means that moral principles should surpass all other norms or standards of evaluation
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Autonomous from arbitrary authority
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Moral standards should be independent
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Publicity
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It should made public for moral standards guide people what to do
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Practicability
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Rules are made for men to follow
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Sense of morality
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One of the things that differentiate people from animal
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Ethics should make clear to us why one act is better than another.
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Ethics seeks the most intelligent principles of behavior
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or the principles which will make life most wholesome.
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Moral conduct and ethical systems
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both of the past and the present
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It employs the marvelous faculty of human reason upon the supremely important question of what an upright life is and must be.
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Faulty ethical theories
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as well as the lack of definite ethical principles
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what is the Importance of ethics:
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Human act and act of man
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Two acts
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Human act
An act which proceeds from the deliberate free will of man. Any sort of activity
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Act of man
Acts that man performs indeliberately or without the full exercise of free choice.
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Knowledge
Freedom
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Knowledge
The act whereby the intellect perceives the action that the person is about to perform or is performing
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Freedom
The capacity of man to act or not to act
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Its root lies in man’s intelligence
What is the root of freedom?
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Voluntariness
An act to be morally imputable to a person is that the person must do it with consent
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Voluntas
the latin term for will
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Advertence
one of the factors that affect the voluntariness of an action which an act whereby the intellect perceives the action that the person is about to perform or is performing
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Modifiers of human acts
The things that may affect human acts in which is the essential qualities of knowledge
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Ignorance
fear
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Ignorance
The absence of knowledge or the absence of intellectual knowledge in man
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Negative
term for negation of knowledge
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privative
it is term where the knowledge that ought to be present but doesn’t
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Ignorance in its object
The thing of which a person may be ignorant is a matter of law
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Ignorance of law
The ignorance of the existence of duty
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Ignorance of Fact
ignorance of the nature or circumstance of an act as forbidden.
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Ignorance of Penalty
is the lack of knowledge of the precise sanction.
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Ignorance in its subject
The person in whom it exist
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Vincible ignorance
The ignorance that can be dispelled by the use of ordinary knowledge (Conquerable ignorance; ignorance that can and should be supplanted by knowledge)
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culpable ignorance
term for vincible ignorance due to lack of proper diligence on the part of of the ignorant person
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Invincible ignorance
The ignorance that ordinary and proper diligence cannot dispel.
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Inculpable ignorance
Term for invincible ignorance that never the fault of the person whom it exist.
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Fear
The shrinking back of the mind from danger
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Violence (coaction)
The external force applied by a free cause for the purpose of compelling a person to perform an act which is against his will. it cannot reach the will directly.
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Habit
The lasting readiness and facility
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Norm
It means directive or guide
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Objective norm (law) Subjective norm (conscience)
The two guides or norms of human actions
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Law as objective norm (law)
Any design or plan that governs the movements of operations of persons or things
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According to their immediate author
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according to their duration
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according to the manner of promulgation
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according as they prescribe an act or forbid
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According to the effect of their violation
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Classification of law
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divine laws and human laws
laws that distinguished according to their immediate author
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divine laws
laws that come directly from god
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ecclesiastical laws
laws that enactment by the church
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civil laws
laws enacted by the state
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ecclesiastical and civil laws
2 classification of human laws
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temporal and eternal
laws according to their duration
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eternal law
term for God’s plan and providence for the universe
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temporal law
type of duration for all human laws
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natural law and positive laws
laws are distinguished according to the manner of promulgation
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Natural law
Their nature coincides with eternal law. The moral law which is apprehended by sound and matured human reason
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Positive laws
laws that are enacted by positive act of a legislator
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Affirmative or negative (prohibitory) laws
laws distinguished according as they prescribe an act or forbid
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Affirmative laws
this laws bind always
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Negative (prohibitory) laws
Laws of the natural order bind always and at every moment
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Moral
penal
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Moral laws
the violation of which is fault or sin
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Penal law
Violation of which renders the violator liable to an established penalty
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Mixed law
A violation of which involves both fault and penalty
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Eternal law
Term for over all design or plan of the universe
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law
any design or plan that governs the movements operations of persons or things
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freely
the operations governed by moral laws are performed?
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Moral law
part of eternal law
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moral law
it is that part of the eternal law that governs the free actions of men
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moral law
this serves to make man good as man: only a person who lives according to the moral law is a good man
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The glorification of man through the sanctification of men and the happiness of man
two purpose of the moral law
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inclination
thanks to this our will towards what is good
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natural
this is called because we come to know it through natural light of reason
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Human positive law
An ordinance of reason
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an ordinance of reason
promulgated for the common good by one who has charge of society
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A law is an ordinance
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A law is an ordinance of reason
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A law is promulgated
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A law is promulgate for the common good
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A law is promulgate in a society
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A law is promulgated by one who has charge of society
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elements of human positive law definition
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A law is an ordinance
An active and authoritative ordering or directing of human acts in reference to an end to be attained by them
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A law is an ordinance of reason
A law come from the will of the lawgiver but from his reasonable will.
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A law is promulgated
It is made known to those who are bound by it
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Just
honest
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A law is promulgated for the common good
this imply that this is the purpose of the law. The law is not meant to impose hardships or needless restriction upon its subject
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Precept
An ordinance issued by public or private authority for the particular or private good or several persons
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A law is promulgated in a society
Comes from the fact that law is for the common good and hence supposes a community of person in a societ
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A law is promulgated by one who has charge of society
It is meant a person weather this be a single person or a body of men united to form the governmental power
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Lawgiver or legislator
The person who has a jurisdiction and author of the law
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The saying of what is right
A legislator has jurisdiction which means literally?
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Conscience
it applies the general moral principle to the particular action that is about to be carried out or has been carried out
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cum-scientia = with knowledge
nominal definition of conscience
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Conscience
The practical judgment of reason upon an individual act as good or as evil
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Speculative and practical
two kinds of judgment
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Speculative judgment
This does not indicate a course of action but enriches knowledge by the addition of a newly recognized truth
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Practical judgment
It always indicate a course of action. a judgment that commands
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dictate
conscience is what?
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before the act and after the act
The two-fold roles of conscience
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True and erroneous conscience
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Certain and doubtful conscience
States of conscience
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true conscience
it aligns with reality
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Erroneous conscience
Conscience that is not true
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Invincibly erroneous or inculpably
conscience that is erroneous
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culpably erroneous
Conscience that is erroneous through the agent’s fault
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certain conscience
A state of conscience that is firm and assured judgment
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Doubtful conscience
A judgment in which the agent is aware of the possibility of error
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speculative doubt
The agent whose conscience is dubious is said to be in doubt concerns the existence or applicability of a law or moral principle
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practical doubt
The doubt concerns the lawfulness of an individual act to be performed or omitted and it is never permissible to act while in that state
