PEE 1.0

Question 1

It takes about two hundred to a thousand years to form and develop a few centimetres of fertile top soil.

Answer 1

Soil

Question 2

Contents that affect soil fertility

Answer 2

Mineral nutrients, air, water

Question 3

Components of fertile soil

Answer 3

Nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus

Question 4

Stages of soil formation

Answer 4

-Bedrock begins to disintegrate
-Organic materials facilitate disintegration
-Horizons form
- developed soil supports thick vegetation

Question 5

Bedrock begins to disintegrate as it is subjected to freezing-thawing cycles, rain, and other environmental forces

Answer 5

Bedrock begins to disintegrate

Question 6

The rock breaks down into parent material, which in turn breaks into smaller mineral particles.

Answer 6

Organic materials facilitate disintegration

Question 7

The organisms in an area contribute to soll formation by facilitating the disintegration process as they live and adding organic matter to the system when they die. As soil continues to develop, layers called

Answer 7

Horizons form

Question 8

The A horizon, nearest the surface, is usually richer In organic matter, while the lowest layer, the C horizon, contains more minerals and still look much like the parent material. The soll will eventually reach a point where it can support a thick cover of vegetation and cycle its resources effectively.

Answer 8

Developed soil supports thick vegetation

Question 9

Soil is formed by

Answer 9

parent material, climate, topography; time, biological.

Question 10

the original “Mom & Pop” soil transported from elsewhere, usually by wind or water, at different speeds

Answer 10

Parent material

Question 11

the amount, intensity, timing, and kind of precipitation that breaks dowr parts of ecosystem (i.e. rocks, trees) into soil

Answer 11

Climate

Question 12

Slope and Aspect affect the angle of the land and position toward/away from the sun that soil will be exposed to

Answer 12

Topography

Question 13

Plants, animals, microscopic organisms, and humans interact w soil in different ways

Answer 13

Biological

Question 14

the amount of time it takes for the four factors (above) to interact each other

Answer 14

Time

Question 15

Soil plays important roles and these include:

Answer 15

Serving as a foundation Emitting and absorbing gases Providing habitat
Interacting with water
Recycling nutrients
Supporting human settlements

Question 16

Soil characterizations

Answer 16

1. Soil profile
2. Soil texture
3. Soil color
4. Soil consistency
5. Acidity is affected by the chemical nature of parent rock material, the kind of water it absorbs and the natural and man

Question 17

Is a vertile cross-section of layers of soil found in given area

Answer 17

Soil profile

Question 18

Each layer is called?

Answer 18

Horizon

Question 19

topmost layer; made up of organic materials and other newly decomposing surface litter; usually present in areas with many trees and plants

Answer 19

O horizon

Question 20

also known as top soil. Since it receives the nutrients from decaying litter of O horizon, it is usually made up of humus which makes it fertile. With the help of plant roots water is absorbed by humus thus preventing flood

Answer 20

A horizon

Question 21

materials from A and O horizons accumulate here. Thus it is rich in clay, organic matter and other mineral components. It is lighter in color with reddish brown shades

Answer 21

B horizon or subsoil layer

Question 22

is usually made up of massive bedrock of the original parent material and it does not undergo much change.

Answer 22

C horizon

Question 23

At depths of 48+ feet, deepest soil horizon in the soil profile,
no rocks or boulders, only a continuous mass of bedrock, colors are those of the original rock of the area

Answer 23

R horizon or bedrock

Question 24

This pertains to how much sand, clay, or silt is present in the soil. these 3 kinds of soil vary in size.

Answer 24

Soil texture

Sand-particles measure up to 2 mm
Clay-particles are smaller than 002 mm
Silt-particles measure between 0.05 to 0.002 mm

Question 25

the kind of elements and minerals which are present in the soil gives its characteristic color. Light colored are usually deplete of organic material, reddish brown is rich in Iron and with more white colouring usually contains calcium carbonate

Answer 25

Soil color

Question 26

the ease or difficulty of breaking the soll apart gives its consistence

Answer 26

Soil consistency

Question 27

an author of Property, Patrimony and Territory, Foundations of Land Use in Philippines

Answer 27

Prof. Ernesto Serote

Question 28

Prof. Ernesto Serote describe this as a natural resource, an economic good, a property and a territory.

Answer 28

Land

Question 29

has ecological functions [habitat for species, medium for growing plants and trees, source of minerals and nutrients

Answer 29

Natural resources

Question 30

has ecological functions [habitat for species, medium for growing plants and trees, source of minerals and nutrients

Answer 30

Natural resources

Question 31

A product that could be sold

Answer 31

Economic good

Question 32

deals with ownership which is also related to land being an economic good

Answer 32

Property

Question 33

power which the government has over its country, power of ownership extends to all the areas within the boundary of the country; includes land and bodies of water air space as well as the soil, water and other components below the surface. It is more than a property of the country because as a territory it also includes the people with in it.

Answer 33

Territory

Question 34

It is temporary or permanent decline in the productive capacity of the land and the diminution of the productive potential, including its major land uses [e.g. rain fed, arable,. irrigation, forests], its farming systems (small holder subsistence] and its value as an economic resource

Answer 34

Land degradation

Question 35

What are the anthropogenic causes of land degradation?

Answer 35

1. Shifting cultivation or kaingin system 2. Timber harvesting or logging 3. Construction projects 4. Mining 5. Overgrazing and burning of grassland 6. Use of agro chemicals

Question 36

Along steep slopes of mountain, landless farmers who practice upland farming clear large areas of the forest by buming to plant their crops. In two or three years the soil losses its fertility and the farmers move on and makes another clearing without replanting the used land with forest trees.

Answer 36

Shifting cultivation or kaingin system

Question 37

Forest trees are cut down mainly for timber. Some logging companies ignore government rules and policies about cutting forest trees. Illegal loggers add to the problem. Uncontrolled cutting of trees removes almost all the vegetation which protects the soll.

Answer 37

Timber harvesting or logging

Question 38

Construction of roads, dams, reservoirs, Imigation and drainage projects, hydroelectric plants, resorts and other related facilities have contributed much to soil erosion. Soll erosion in construction sites is four times greater than from croplands and 85% greater than that from forested lands.

Answer 38

Construction projects

Question 39

An operations dig out and loosen rocks in the mountains exposing them to further erosion, Forested area is cleared and millions of tons of rocks are removed. In open pit mining, large land areas are dug up and exposed to air and water, resulting in the weathering and erosion of deeper rocks.

Answer 39

Mining

Question 40

The conversion of natural ecosystems to pasture land doesn't damage the land Initially as much as crop production, but this change in usage can lead to high rates of erosion and loss of topsoil and nutrients. Overgrazing can reduce ground cover, enabling erosion and compaction of the land by wind and rain.. This reduces the ability for plants to grow and water to penetrate, which harms soil microbes and results in serious erosion of the land

Answer 40

Overgrazing and burning of grassland

Question 41

Pesticides and other chemicals used on crop plants have helped farmers to Increase yields. Scientists have found that overuse of some of these chemicals changes soil composition and disrupts the balance of microorganisms in the soil. This stimulates the growth of harmful bacteria at the expense of beneficial kinds. Salinization results when there is concentration of salt ions builds up in the soil. To remove the excess salts from surface and allow these to be absorbed into the soil, farmers usually increase the amount of water for irrigation. This practice could lead to another condition called waterlogging where the soil becomes oversaturated with water. Plant roots are submerged in water and the plants eventually die.

Answer 41

Use of agro chemicals

Question 42

Effects of land degradation

Answer 42

1. Pollution and logging of waterways 2. Increased flooding 3. Loss of arable land 4. Drought and aridity 5. Soil quality reduction

Question 43

Most of the soll eroded from the land together with the chemical fertilizers and pesticides utilised in agricultural fields are discharged into waterways and streams. With time, the sedimentation process can clog waterways, resulting in water scarcity. The agricultural fertilisers and pesticides also damage marine and freshwater ecosystems and the limits the domestic uses of the water for the populations that depend on them for survival.

Answer 43

Pollution and logging of waterways

Question 44

Land degradation leads to the removal of soil composition which plays a role in water retention and absorptions. For this reason, the transformed land is unable to soak up water, making flooding more frequent. In other words, soil degradation takes away the soll's natural capability of holding water thus contributing to more and more cases of flooding

Answer 44

Increased flooding

Question 45

Because soil degradation contributes to land degradation, it also means that it creates a significant loss of arable land. The literal translation of arable land is "able to be ploughed". About 40% of the world's agricultural land is lost on the account of soil quality depreciation caused by agro-chemicals and soil erosion. Most of the crop production practices result in the topsoil loss and the damage of soil's natural composition that make agriculture possible.

Answer 45

Loss of arable land

Question 46

Drought and aridity are problems highly influenced and amplified by soil degradation. As much as it's a concem associated with natural environments in arid and semi-arid areas, the United Nations recognizes the fact that drought and aridity are man-made (anthropogenic) factors especially as an outcome of soil degradation. Hence, the contributing factors to soil quality dedine such as overgrazing, poor tillage methods, and deforestation are also the leading causes of desertification characterized by droughts and arid conditions. In the same context, soll degradation may also bring about loss of biodiversity.

Answer 46

Drought and aridity

Question 47

Soil quality decline is one of the main causes of land degradation and is considered to be responsible for 84% of the ever diminishing acreage. Year after year, huge acres of land lost due to soil erosion, contamination and pollution. About 40% of the world's agricultural land is severely diminished in quality because of erosion and the use of chemical fertilisers, which prevent land from regenerating. The decline in soil quality as a result of agricultural chemical fertilisers also further leads to water and land pollution thereby lowering the land's worth on earth.

Answer 47

Soil quality reduction

Question 48

How many percent of the world's agricultural land is thought to be badly degraded?

Answer 48

40%

Question 49

How many tons of fertile soil lost every year?

Answer 49

24 billion