Ethics and Professional Issues Flashcards
(108 cards)
1
Q
T/F: Both the General Principles and Ethical Standards are enforceable and can serve as the basis for disciplinary action against psychologists.
A
F: The General Principles are aspirational and non-enforceable and they provide general guidance, while the Ethical Standards are mandatory, enforceable provisions.
2
Q
Read:
A
client welfare is defined generally and psychologists “take reasonable steps” to avoid and minimize harm to clients/students/research participants/others. The welfare of the clients takes importance over non-clients, colleagues, or the psychological profession
3
Q
The term “reasonable” in the Ethics code means the prevailing professional judgment of psychologists engaged in ____ activities in __“__ circumstances, given the knowledge the psychologist had or should have had at the time
A
similar activities in similar circumstances
4
Q
when ethics and laws conflict, resolve a conflict responsibly in keeping with basic principles of human ___
A
human rights
5
Q
When psychologists take “reasonable steps to correct or minimize the misuse or misrepresentation” of their work, often this entails contacting the ___ ___ and requesting that a ___ measure be taken, then ___ing action taken
A
involved party; corrective measure be taken; documenting
6
Q
making a formal report to the Ethics committee or other authority is required in the event of “substantial harm” and informal resolution is inappropriate or has not resolved satisfactorily. What are some examples of “substantial harm” acc to the Rules and Procedures (APA, 2002)
A
sexual misconduct, insurance fraud, and plagiarism (act to enforce this standard as long as you do not break right to confidentiality)
7
Q
Cooperating with ethics committees still require adhering to a patient’s right to ___ even when doing one’s best to provide relevant information as requested.
A
right to confidentiality
8
Q
Dr. X is considering hiring Dr. Y for a position in his practice, but Dr. Y has both made and been the respondent to ethics complaints in the past year that are all currently still under investigation. Could Dr. X choose not to hire Dr. Y based solely on the standing of having made/been involved in ethics complaints?
A
No (but this could change depending on the outcome of a complaint)
9
Q
___ation from another professional can help a psychologist determine what additional training is necessary before they are ready to practice in a particular subfield
A
Consultation
10
Q
whenever a psychologist is using a new or experimental technique, who must be made aware of that fact with special care to protect them from harm?
A
The client experiencing the technique
11
Q
Read:
A
supervision and required coursework may be necessary for a psychologist to switch specialties (e.g. from educational psychology to clinical psychology)
12
Q
Ladany, Lehrman-Waterman, Molinaro, and Wolgast (1999) found that the most frequently cited ethical violation among intern-level trainees was sexual misconduct. T/F?
A
F: it was inadequate performance evaluation and monitoring of the interns’ activities
13
Q
Under certain circumstances, supervisors and employers may be legally responsible for the action of their supervisees and employees, which is called what?
A
vicarious liability (respondeat superior)
14
Q
List 2-3 potential appropriate measures to guard against adverse impacts of personal problems on professional activities
A
seeking therapy
referring clients to other professionals
consulting with another professional to identify the most appropriate action
15
Q
a psychologist can generally provide emergency services (though they lack sufficient training) until…
A
the crisis remits or other, more proper services become available (Standard 2.02 permits this but does not require it; psychs can say no if lacking proper training)
16
Q
Read:
A
psychologists may not harass or unfairly discriminate against people on the basis of demographics/background, but they may refuse to provide services to individuals they do not feel competent to serve or to “difficult” individuals
17
Q
Gottlieb (1993) recommends a psychologist consider 3 factors when determining acceptability of a multiple relationship, which are…
A
1) power differential: the more influence the psych has over the individual, the less likely that relationship is ethical
2) duration of the relationship: the longer the length of either relationship, the more dubious the acceptability of the multiple relationship
3) clarity of termination: how likely will the individual desire more services later? the higher the chance either relationship will continue, the less acceptable the multiple relationship
18
Q
What 3 conditions must be met for informed consent to be valid?
A
1) capacity (to make rational decisions)
2) comprehension (provided with enough info and understands it)
3) voluntariness (to make a decision without coercion)
19
Q
Do the Ethics Standards require consent to be written?
A
No, but must be documented
20
Q
Privacy refers to “the freedom of ___s to choose for themselves the time and the circumstances under which and the extent to which their beliefs, ___s, and ___s are to be shared [with] or withheld from ___s” (Siegal, 1979, p. 251).
A
individuals; beliefs, behaviors, and opinions are to be shared or withheld from others
(In therapy, “once private information has been disclosed to a therapist with an expectation that such information will not ordinarily be disclosed to third parties, it becomes confidential” (Smith-Bell & Winslade, 1994, p. 181))
21
Q
Confidentiality refers to the ___ of psychologists to protect clients from ___ disclosure of information revealed in the context of a ___ relationship. Confidentiality is an ethical principle and in some situations, a ___ requirement.
A
obligation of psychologists to protect clients from unauthorized disclosure; professional relationship; legal requirement
22
Q
Privilege is a ___ concept that protects a client’s ___ in the context of ___ ___s.
A
legal concept that protects a client’s confidentiality in the context of legal proceedings
23
Q
Although the ___ is the holder of the privilege, a psychologist may claim (or invoke or assert) the privilege on behalf of the client when they are asked to disclose confidential info in a ___ proceeding, meaning that information is withheld to uphold pt’s right to confidentiality.
A
client is the holder; legal proceeding
24
Q
___ consent is required before using confidential, personally identifiable information about clients, students, research participants, organizations, and other recipients of their services in writings, lectures, and other public media
A
written consent (unless reasonable steps taken to move personal ID info)
25
Read:
In sexual harassment law, the objective standard is often framed in terms of what a “reasonable woman” would consider offensive or hostile in the workplace. This standard helps ensure that claims are not based solely on an individual’s personal sensitivity but on a broadly accepted measure of conduct in the workplace.
26
standard 5.05 prohibits psychologists from soliciting testimonials from ___ clients or from others who are vulnerable to ___ ___.
current clients (or current supervisees or patients); undue influence
27
Standard 5.06 prohibits ___, in-person solicitation of business from people who are vulnerable to undue influence
uninvited, in person solicitation (this does not preclude offering services to client family members to benefit the client or from offering business contact info for people who invite it or from doing disaster or community outreach)
28
T/F: There are several instances in the Ethics Code that speak to client access to records.
F: client access to records is not covered by the ethics code (but they are covered by federal, state, and provincial laws including HIPAA)
29
The Family Education Rights and Privacy Act (AKA FERPA or the Buckley Amendment) protects what kind of information from being shared about what kind of person?
personally identifiable information being shared about students by educational institutions (receiving federal funds) without consent from parents or of elibible students (18+)
30
According to the ethics code, it may be acceptable to ___ records from a patient when they owe a psychologist money, but not in ___ circumstances
withhold (unless it may harm the pt); emergency
(may not be allowed by law)
31
a psychologist may use a collection agency for unpaid funds as soon as there is an unpaid account balance for a client. T/F
False (only after notifying client of intent and after opp to pay the fee)
32
referral fees are not prohibited but when they are paid to an individual provider (as opposed to a referral service), they must be based on the actual ___ of ___ provided not the actual referral itself
actual cost of services provided
33
bartering for services is generally considered acceptable as long as it is not clinically ___ or ___ to either party (patient or therapist)
clinically contraindicated or exploitative (or if it could interfere with the objectivity of the provider)
34
Read:
Soliciting or using testimonials from clients or participants MAY BE considered unethical if there is a risk of coercion or undue influence, even if the client voluntarily offers the testimonial
35
Read:
Fees for psychological services should be discussed as early as is feasible.
36
Read:
The rule about sexual relationships between students/teachers and trainee/supervisors only applies to current students and trainees but may not apply to former students/trainees or students in other departments
"Psychologists do not engage in sexual relationships with students or supervisees who are in their department, agency, or training center or over whom psychologists have or are likely to have evaluative authority." Standard 7.07
37
Read:
Students cannot be required to participate in a research study, but need to be offered equitable alternative activities
38
Read: Standard 8.07 says that deception in research is only acceptable when
A) the use of deception is justified by the "study's significant prospective scientific, educational, or applied value and effective nondeceptive alternative procedures are not feasible";
B) prospective participants are not deceived about conditions that can be "reasonably exected to cause physical pain or severe emotional distress"
C) participants will be debriefed "preferably at the conclusion of their participation, but no later than at the conclusion of the data collection"
39
Students get credit on published materials based on their work (I.e. dissertation) despite the ___ of teachers or other professionals who support their work
status of teachers (credit is assigned based on each person's contribution (note: Standard 8.12(c) states that, "Except under exceptional circumstances, a student is listed as principal author on any multiple-authored article that is substantially based on the student's doctoral dissertation."))
40
Read: Standard 7.02 requires psychologists to "take reasonable steps to ensure that there is a current and accurate description of the program content."
This means that making changes to an educational or training program as it is advertised or described violates ethics
41
Read: Standard 8.14 says that, once research results are published, psychologists MUST share their data with colleagues for the purpose of independent interpretation, verification, or re-analysis.
but before doing so, a psychologist must ensure confidentiality of participants. (This standard does NOT require sharing of unpublished data)
42
Does test data include things like test responses and raw and scaled scores and notes from assessment sessions or things like formal presentations of integrated test data in reports?
The former
(Test materials include manuals, instruments, protocols, stimuli, etc. from assessment measures)
43
information necessary for informed consent for therapy must be provided "as ___ as is ___"
as early as is feasible
44
Standard 10.02 requires psychologists to clarify at the outset of therapy "1) which of the individuals are the ___s and 2) the ___ the psychologist will have with each person"
which of the individuals are the clients; the relationship the psychologist
45
when considering when working with a client and other providers are or may also see this client, "proceed with caution and sensitivity to the therapeutic issues" (10.04), meaning that the client's ___ is the overriding consideration.
client's welfare
46
Standard 10.07 states that, even after the 2-year limit has passed that may permit a psychologist from having a sexual relationship with a former client, a relationship may only be acceptable in the "most ___ circumstances"
most unusual circumstances
| Standard 10.08(b) states: "Psychologists who engage in such activity ...
47
psychologists can file an ___ on behalf of their client if care is not deemed "medically necessary" but the therapist believes treatment ought to continue
file an appeal (this appeal may be denied, in which case the therapist discusses the situation with the client and options for treatment/payment)
48
Read:
Standard 10.10(b) states that "psychologists may terminate therapy when threatened or otherwise endangered by the client/patient or another person with whom the client/patient has a relationship." In addition, prohibitions against breaching client confidentiality do not apply if the psychologist needs to contact the police or others to obtain protection for themselves (see, e.g., C. B. Fisher, Decoding the Ethics Code: A practical guide for psychologists, Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage Publications, 2003).
49
Read:
Standard 9.07 of the APA's Ethics Code prohibits psychologists from promoting the use of tests by unqualified persons unless it is being done for training purposes under appropriate supervision. A person who is working on a B.A. in psychology may be qualified to administer some psychological tests but is clearly not qualified to interpret their results. Although it is true that it is up to the psychologist to decide when an employee is qualified to administer tests, in a case where an employee does not have graduate training in test interpretation, they are clearly not qualified to interpret them.
50
The General Guidelines for Providers of Psychological Services are enforceable. T/F
F: they are aspirational and delineate basic guiding principles for all providers of psychological services except for those in teaching, research, or working on editing scientific manuscripts
51
According to the general guidelines for providers of psych services, if a psych wants to change their area of specialty they must meet the education and training requirements for a ___ ___ in that specialty
doctoral degree
52
according to the specialty guidelines for forensic psychology, psychologists attempt to minimize conflicts by ___ing or ___ing their involvement in them
avoiding or limiting their involvement
53
according to the specialty guidelines for forensic psychology, "when requested or ordered to provide either concurrent or sequential forensic and therapeutic services, forensic practitioners are encouraged to ___ the potential risk and make reasonable efforts to ___ the request to another qualified provider"
disclose; refer
54
according to the specialty guidelines for forensic psychology, "forensic practitioners strive to avoid providing professional services on the basis of ___ fees"
contingent fees (only pay if they win)
55
according to the specialty guidelines for forensic psychology, can a psychologist conduct an examination without the consent of a client? if an examinee is unwilling to proceed after being told about the nature and purpose of the examination, a psychologist can ___ the examination, advise the examinee to contact their attorney, and let the retaining party know about the person's unwillingness to proceed
yes, if it is court-ordered; postpone the examination
56
Read:
according to the specialty guidelines for forensic psychology, when psychologists use confidential case material for the purpose of teaching, training, or research, they "strive to present such information in a fair, balanced, and respectful manner"
57
one way that a forensic psychologist can protect a person's privacy when they share case material for teaching/research/training is by using only information that is in the ___ ___
public domain ("or when consent for that use has been properly obtained from any party holding any relevant privilege")
58
Sue and Sue (2003) recommend that psychologists ___ly ___ their assumptions regarding race and culture and use consultation or supervision to help monitor their functioning (guidelines for providers of psychological services to ethnic, linguistic, and culturally diverse populations)
actively challenge (the guidelines recommend striving to eliminate one's biases and prejudices as a psychologist)
59
Read: (guidelines for providers of psychological services to ethnic, linguistic, and culturally diverse populations)
psychologists should help a client "determine whether a 'problem' stems from racism or bias in others so that the client does not inappropriately personalize problems"
60
according to the child custody evaluation in family law proceedings, the purpose of an evaluation is to assist in determining the psychological best interests of the ___; moreover, the ___'s welfare is paramount
child; child
61
according to the child custody evaluation in family law proceedings, an evaluation focuses on ___ attributes, the child's ___ needs, and the resulting ___ between those attributes and needs
parenting attributes; child's psychological needs; resulting fit
62
in child custody evaluations, psychologists should refrain from offering an opinion or recommendation when their information is ___ (e.g. they were unable to evaluate all parties)
insufficient (also, if requested to do so, must clearly state the limitations of their data as well as the potential negative consequences of offering an opinion or recommendation based on that data (Greenberg et al., 2004))
63
Read:
According to the APA Guidelines for the Practice of Telepsychology (2013), psychologists are encouraged to be familiar with the laws and regulations that govern service delivery within the jurisdictions where they are located and the jurisdictions where their clients are located. Each jurisdiction may or may not have specific laws which impose special requirements when providing services via telepsychology. The laws and regulations that govern service delivery vary by state, province, territory, and country.
64
according to the American Law Institute, a person is not guilty by reason of insanity if, because of a mental ___ or ___, "that person lacks substantial capacity to appreciate the ___ness of the act or ... behave according to the requirements of the ___" (Gutheil, 1995, p. 2764)
mental disease or defect; wrongfulness of the act; requirements of the law
65
a defendant is deemed incompetent to stand trial if, as the result of mental defect or illness, the defendant lacks "sufficient present ability to ___ with his lawyer with a reasonable degree of rational understanding, and ... a rational as well as a ___ understanding of the proceedings ___ him" (Dusky v. United States, 1960, p. 171)
consult with his lawyer; factual understanding; proceedings against him
66
a fact witness is a person who "testifies as to what he/she has seen, heard, or otherwise ___ regarding a circumstance, event or occurrence as it actually took place. Fact witnesses are generally not allowed to offer ___, address issues that they do not have personal ___ of or respond to ___ situations" (APA, 1998, p. 7)
observed; offer opinions; personal knowledge of; hypothetical situations
67
a fact witness may provide information about a client in a legal proceeding only with the ___ of the client or a ___ ___
consent of the client; court order
68
both fact and expert witnesses may be allowed to offer opinions and provide testimony based on hypothetical scenarios. T/F
False: only expert witnesses may do that
69
Read:
an expert witness is a person "who by reason of education or specialized experience possesses superior knowledge respecting a subject about which persons having no particular training are incapable of forming an accurate opinion or deducing correct conclusions"
70
Guardianship refers to a "___ right given to a person to be ___ for the necessities (e.g., food, health care) of another person legally deemed ___ of providing these necessities him/herself" (APA, 1998, p. 7)
legal right; responsible for the necessities; deemed incapable
71
T/F: a guardian ad litem is an adult that represents and makes decisions for someone (such as a minor) legally incapable of doing so on their own in civil legal proceedings, and this person is appointed by the legally incapable person
F: the guardian ad litem is appointed by the court
72
what is the single-most accurate predictor of future violent behaviors?
past history of violence (research suggests that prediction of violence estimates combining both static and dynamic risk factors improves predictive accuracy)
73
For a client or other person to successfully bring a claim of malpractice against a psychologist, 4 conditions must be met:
1) the psychologist must have had a ___ relationship with the person that established a legal duty of care;
2) there must be a demonstrable ___ of care that the psychologist has breached;
3) the person suffered ___ or ___;
4) the psychologist's breach of duty within the context of the ___ of care was the proximate ___ of the person's ___ or ___
professional relationship;
standard of care;
harm or injury;
standard of care; cause of the person's harm or injury
(A tort is civil wrongdoing resulting from a breach of duty. Malpractice is a civil tort involving a negligent breach of duty that results in harm to the client.)
74
experts agree in general that the best defense in cases of litigation against a psychologist is ___ ___
adequate records
75
what is the first step a psychologist must take after receiving a subpoena?
determine if the subpoena is valid
76
after determining that a subpoena is valid, a psychologist must contact the ___ about possibly providing the requested info as well as providing a ___ ___
client; formal response
77
during court testimony, if a request for confidential information arises for the first time, a psychologist may assert the psychotherapist-client ___ and refuse to provide info unless ordered to do so by the court
psychotherapist-client privilege
78
a psychologist must comply with a court order to provide testimony or produce documents to avoid being held in contempt of court. T/F
T
79
according to the ASPPB, what were 2 of the most common reasons for disciplinary action between 1974 and 2003?
unprofessional conduct, sexual misconduct, negligence (also non-sexual dual relationship, conviction of a crime, and failure to maintain adequate or accurate records)
(Although the types of actions that underlie complaints filed with the APA's Ethics Committee vary in number from year to year, sexual misconduct has consistently been the most frequent cause of complaints)
80
Pope et al. (1993) found that there is no relationship between risk for sexual misconduct and theoretical orientation, professional experience, or education. However, they did find that perpetrators are more likely to be male/female and younger/older than their patients by about 10 years
male; older (early 40s for tp and early 30s for patient)
81
Lamb and Catanzaro (1998) found that, among a large random sample of psychology practitioners, respondents who were ___ and ___ and who had engaged in ___-___ boundary violations were more likely to have engaged in sexual boundary violations
older and male; non-sexual boundary violations
82
According to Lamb, Catanzaro, and Moorman (2003), 3.5% of clinical and counseling psychologists have been involved in sexual relationships with clients, suggesting that the incidence of these relationships are increasing/declining
declining
83
According to the Privacy Rule of HIPAA, info that does not identify, or cannot be used to ID, a person receiving healthcare is considered "___-___" and is not subject to the same restrictions as individually indentifiable information
de-identified
84
HIPAA's Privacy Rule allows, but does not require, authorization from patients before using or disclosing PHI for ___ treatment, payment, or health care operations
routine treatment
85
The Privacy Rule allows psychologists to decide whether or not to release their psychotherapy notes to patients unless patients have access to them under ___ ___ (Holloway, 2003)
state law
86
APA publication guidelines recommend using precise language and word choices that are accurate, clear, and free from bias or prejudicial connotations. For example, which two would be stronger examples of more-specific language:
1) women
2) cisgender women
3) below the federal poverty threshold for a family of four
4) low income
2 and 3
87
According to APA publication guidelines, it is best to refer to Indigenous Peoples with the names they call themselves, e.g., "___" or "___" as opposed to "tribe"
people or nation
88
According to the APA's publication guidelines, it is best practice to avoid the term "___" when referring to non-White racial or ethnic groups collectively
minorities (better to use "people of color" or "underrepresented groups" since "minority" is outdated and has changed as the demographics of the population change)
89
Read:
A subpoena to testify at a deposition legally requires the psychologist to appear in court proceedings. This is a mandatory obligation. However, once there, the psychologist can still assert privilege or provide limited testimony in accordance with legal and ethical guidelines.
90
Read:
The EPPP is a requirement for licensure in the United States and Canada. As described by the ASPPB, the EPPP is designed "to evaluate the knowledge that should have been acquired by any candidate who is seeking licensure to practice psychology."
91
Read: When a psychologist receives a subpoena to appear at a legal proceeding, they must appear but should not provide information about the client without a release from the client or a court order.
A subpoena duces tecum requires a person bring documents, records, or other tangible evidence with them to their court appearance.
92
Read:
The primary purpose of the licensing boards is to protect the public. To achieve this goal, the boards establish minimum standards of competence for psychologists including degree, supervision, and examination requirements.
93
Read:
Multi-client situations create special considerations and concerns about confidentiality since it is not often possible to release information about one client without also revealing confidential information about another client. In a situation where one member of a couples' therapy client asks the therapist to testify, both clients must give their permission before the provider can release confidential information.
94
Read:
Standard 8.07(b) states that "psychologists do not deceive prospective participants about research that is reasonably expected to cause physical pain or severe emotional distress." Pain in research is acceptable only when certain conditions are met, e.g., when Deception is not involved. Deception is prohibited whether the pain is physical or psychological in nature.
95
Read: a psychologist regularly waives the co-payment for low-income clients whose therapy fees are covered by insurance...
The practice described in this question represents insurance fraud, which is both unethical and illegal. Most insurance companies agree to pay a specific percentage of a psychologist's fee but, when the co-payment is waived, this means the insurance company is paying the entire fee. Consequently, regularly waiving the co-payment without the permission of the insurance company represents insurance fraud.
96
Read:
Standard 5.02(b) of the APA Ethics Code prohibits psychologists from compensating "employees of press, radio, television, or other communication media in return for publicity in a news item." Principle III.31 of the Canadian Code of Ethics prohibits psychologists from exploiting "any relationship established as a psychologist to further personal, political, or business interests at the expense of the best interests of their clients.
97
Read:
The client remains the "holder of the privilege" even if the privilege is waived.
98
Read:
Ethical guidelines require that tests be used only for the purposes for which they have been validated. If a test is currently labeled "For research purposes only," it's implied that this test has not been validated for clinical use and, therefore, should not be used for that purpose.
99
Dr. Leonard, a licensed psychologist, has been seeing a prison inmate in group therapy for several months and is asked by the parole board to evaluate the inmate to assist with their decision (parole or no). As an ethical psychologist, Dr. Leonard should A) refuse to participate due to multiple relationships, or B) agree to participate.
B) agree to participate in evaluating for parole
(Although the APA guidelines state that multiple relationships should be avoided if there is risk of exploitation or impaired objectivity, an exception is allowed for therapists in a forensic setting to also conduct parole evaluations. Thus, it would be okay for Dr. Leonard to complete the parole evaluation.)
100
Read: If a psychologist acts as both a fact witness for a plaintiff and an expert witness for the court in a criminal trial, she has acted ethically as long as she clarifies her roles with all parties.
The adoption of multiple roles is addressed in the ethics codes published by the American and Canadian Psychological Associations and in the APA's "Specialty Guidelines for Forensic Psychology." According to ethical guidelines, maintaining multiple roles may be acceptable as long as the psychologist considers the risks and benefits of doing so for all involved parties and clarifies the nature of the multiples roles with all involved parties. See Standard 3.05 of the APA's Ethics Code and Paragraph 4.02 of the "Specialty Guidelines for Forensic Psychology."
101
Dr. Melba Morrison, a licensed psychologist, conducts research and teaches several classes at a large university. In her social psychology class, she usually covers only material that is consistent with the results of her research. In terms of the ethical guidelines, this practice is...
unethical (according to ethical requirements, when acting as an instructor or trainer, psychologists must present information accurately and in an unbiased way)
102
Read: The introduction of the APA Ethics Code and the Preamble of the Canadian Code of Ethics address a psychologist's private behaviors. The Introduction to the APA's Ethics Code states that the "This Ethics Code applies only to psychologists’ activities that are part of their scientific, educational, or professional roles as psychologists......... These activities shall be distinguished from the purely private conduct of psychologists, which is not within the purview of the Ethics Code."
This means that a psychologist's behavior as a private citizen may serve as grounds for a charge of unethical conduct if it compromises his/her professional responsibilities
103
Read: A case of an insurance company asking for information about a client...
According to the APA Code of Ethics (Standard 4.05, Disclosures), psychologists may disclose confidential information only with the client’s consent unless mandated by law or permitted by a legal or ethical obligation. Even if the insurance company is paying for services, the psychologist must obtain the client’s explicit consent before sharing any information.
104
Read:
Managed care reduces health costs in several ways including the use of a "gatekeeper" who makes referrals to specialists, including a psychotherapist, psychiatrist, or another specialist. Very often, the gatekeeper is the individual's primary care physician.
105
Read:
As mandated reporters, psychologists are required by law to report suspected child abuse. This issue is addressed by Leland Swenson in "Psychology and the law for the helping professions," Brooks/Cole, Pacific Grove, CA, 1997. Swenson notes that "Any required reporter who knows that another required reporter has not reported must report the evidence of abuse as well as identify the nonreporter" (p. 413).
106
Murphy, DeBernardo, and Shoemaker's (1998) survey of psychologists about the effects of managed care on their professional practice found that the most frequently cited negative effect was increased ___ demands due to ___ ___.
demands due to utilization review
107
Read:
Guideline 7 of the APA's Guidelines for Child Custody Evaluations in Family Law Proceedings identifies providing psychotherapy to prior child custody examinees as a multiple relationship that should be avoided.
108
Read:
Credentialing is a formal process for determining whether or not a provider meets and maintains qualification standards and provides some legal protection for the MCO.
Concurrent review is the term used for utilization reviews conducted during the course of treatment.
Quality management is another name for quality assurance.
Clinical audit is a method of quality assurance.
