Lifespan Development Flashcards
(43 cards)
some experts argue that genetic/environmental factors are most critical during the early stages of development, with the opposite being true during later stages
genetic (environmental more impt later)
___zygous means that a gene is inherited from both parents, whereas heterozygous means that a gene is inherited from ___ parent
homozygous; only one parent
Read:
alleles are variant forms of a gene
In Bronfenbrenner’s ecological model…
____system is the child’s immediate environment and individual relationships
___system is the interactions between parts of the first system
___system includes elements in one’s broader environment that affect the immediate environment
___system includes overarching environment systems, practices, and ideologies
___system consists of the enviro events occurring over the lifespan which may be impacted by dev level
microsystem;
mesosystem;
exosystem;
macrosystem;
chronosystem
“Rutter’s indicators” are particularly accurate predictors of child psychopathology, and they consist of what 6 factors?
1) marital discord (severe)
2) low SES
3) overcrowding/large family size
4) parental criminality
5) maternal psychopathology
6) placement of child outside of the home
an increased ACE score signals a higher risk for negative ___ outcomes in ___
negative health outcomes in adults
___ ___ is a hereditary-environment interaction explanation that says that an individual’s status with a range for a certain trait is influenced by environmental factors
reaction range
(genotype-environment correlations) what is it called when children actively seek out experiences that are consistent with their genetic predispositions?
niche-picking
Read: colorblindness is a recessive trait that is carried on the X chromosome. Since the gene for color blindness is carried on the X chromosome, colorblindness would have to come from the mother for sons and from both the mother and father for daughters.
For a son to be colorblind, he would have to inherit the colorblind gene from his mother.
For a daughter to be colorblind, she would have to inherit the colorblind gene from her father and her mother. (However, a daughter would carry the trait if she inherits the gene from her father.)
an epigenetic explanation for gene-environment interactions would say that these interactions are ___tional and ___.
bidirectional and ongoing
how are sensitive periods different from critical periods? (name 3 ways)
sensitive periods are longer in duration and more flexible, and they are less tied to chronological age or maturational stage
prenatal development is divided into 3 stages:
1) ___inal stage, 2 weeks
2) ___onic stage, 3-___ weeks
3) ___al stage, end of last stage to birth
During which stage is the fertilized ovum called the zygote?
germinal stage
embryonic stage, 3-8 weeks
fetal stage
during the germinal stage
name 3 causes of birth defects (what kind of disorders, exposure to what, and poor health for whom?)
chromosomal disorders, exposure to teratogens, and poor maternal health
aside from sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes (23 pairs). While the 23rd pair are sex chromosomes, the first 22 are called what?
autosomes
phenylketonuria (PKU) is a ___ gene disorder that requires a diet low in the amino acid ___ soon after birth to prevent severe ___ disability.
recessive gene disorder; phenylalanine; severe intellectual disability (body doesn’t produce enzyme that processes phenylalanine)
While many genetic disorders are recessive gene disorders, Huntington’s disease is an autosomal disorder that is due to the inheritance of a single ___ gene from one parent.
dominant gene (autosomal disorders are on one of the autosomes, not sex chromosomes)
Down syndrome is an autosomal disorder caused by [an extra/an altered structure of] chromosome 21.
extra 21
name the abnormalities in number of sex chromosomes for Klinefelter syndrome and Turner syndrome
Klinefelter: males having 2 or more X chromosomes along with their Y
Turner: females having only 1 X chromosome
Males with Klinefelter syndrome has small ___ organs, develops ___ during puberty, has limited interest in ___al activity, are often s___, and may have what kinds of mental disabilities?
sex organs; breasts during puberty; sexual activity; often sterile; learning disabilities
Females with Turner syndrome tend to be shorter/taller, have certain characteristic physical features such as d___ eyelids and w___ neck, develop secondary sex characteristics slowly if not ___ ___, and may exhibit certain ___ defects (impaired visual-spatial, executive, and soc-cognitive functioning)
shorter; drooping eyelids and webbed neck; if not at all; cognitive defects
which of these alterations in chromosome structure tends to not affect phenotype? deletion, inversion, or translocation?
inversion
teratogens are substances that cause birth defects in the developing fetus and include drugs, chemicals, and certain maternal conditions. Name 3 drugs and 1 chemical element that are each common teratogens.
nicotine, alcohol, cocaine; lead
Exposure during which stage of prenatal development are teratogens most likely to cause major structural abnormalities? [germinal, embryonic, or fetal stage?]
embryonic (3-8 weeks)
for children with prenatal exposure to cocaine, their cognitive and behavior problems may persist at least into the ___ school years
early school years
