Ethics, Human Factors, Public Heath

Question 1

What are the 3 levels of medical ethics?

Answer 1

Laws, guidelines and recommendations, ethics

Question 2

What medical ethics comprise minimum practice?

Answer 2

Laws and guidelines and recommendations

Question 3

What medical ethics comprise best practice for excellence?

Answer 3

Medical ethics- ability to critically and morally reason

Question 4

What is morality?

Answer 4

A system of accepted beliefs which control behaviour

Question 5

What are ethics?

Answer 5

The study of what is morally right and wrong

Question 6

What are the 4 principles of medical ethics?

Answer 6

Autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, justice

Question 7

What is autonomy?

Answer 7

The right for an individual to make his/her own choice

Question 8

What is beneficence?

Answer 8

The principle of acting with the best interest of others in mind

Question 9

What is non-maleficence?

Answer 9

Above all, do no harm

Question 10

What is justice?

Answer 10

Emphasises fairness and equality among individuals

Question 11

What is an adult in Scotland?

Answer 11

16+

Question 12

What is deontology?

Answer 12

Is the act right or wrong in itself?

Question 13

What is consequentialism/utilitarianism?

Answer 13

Will the act increase overall wellbeing?

Question 14

What is communitarianism?

Answer 14

Is the act good for everyone that will be affected?

Question 15

What is virtue ethics?

Answer 15

Am I being honest to myself and consistent?

Question 16

What are religious theories?

Answer 16

Does the act respect the value of sanctity of human life

Question 17

What is a system?

Answer 17

A set of interacting and interdependent elements that function as a whole towards a goal

Question 18

What are the 3 domains in human factors/ergonomics?

Answer 18

Physical, cognitive, organisational

Question 19

What are the 4 major and 1 minor parts of a system, acting on a person?

Answer 19

Tools and technology, organisation, internal environment, tasks
External environment

Question 20

What is an error of commission?

Answer 20

When a mistaken action harms a patient either because it was the wrong action or it was the right action performed incorrectly

Question 21

What are errors of omission?

Answer 21

When an obvious action was needed to heal a patient but it was not performed

Question 22

What do active holes in the swiss cheese model mean?

Answer 22

An individual has made an error

Question 23

What do latent holes in the swiss cheese model mean?

Answer 23

Weakness inherent to the system

Question 24

What are the 7 main non-technical skills?

Answer 24

Situation awareness, decision making, stress and fatigue management, task management, communication, team working and leadership

Question 25

What is the basis of the SEIPS model?

Answer 25

Work system to processes to outcomes

Question 26

What are the 3 principles of SEIPS?

Answer 26

1) systems orientation 2) person centredness 3) design-driven improvements

Question 27

What is puerperal fever?

Answer 27

Infection of the uterus 3 days after giving birth mostly caused by strep but sometimes staph

Question 28

What is phase 1 of a clinical trial?

Answer 28

Clinical pharmacology (dosage/safety)

Question 29

What is phase 2 of a clinical trial?

Answer 29

Initial clinical assessment (effectiveness, adverse effects)

Question 30

What is phase 3 of a clinical trial?

Answer 30

Randomised control trial

Question 31

What is phase 4 of a clinical trial?

Answer 31

Post marketing surveillance (less common adverse effects)

Question 32

Why are trials randomised?

Answer 32

To reduce bias

Question 33

What are the two factors to consider when selecting patients for a trial?

Answer 33

They should benefit from the treatment and be unlikely to be harmed

Question 34

What is life expectancy?

Answer 34

The average lifespan a newborn can expect

Question 35

What cuts life expectancy short?

Answer 35

high rates of child mortality

Question 36

What is the difference between communicable and non-communicable diseases?

Answer 36

Communicable is caused by a microorganism while non-communicable are not

Question 37

What cancers does physical activity decrease risk of?

Answer 37

Post-menopausal breast, endometrial and colorectal

Question 38

What cancers does high body fat increase risk of?

Answer 38

Oesophageal, post-menopausal breast, colorectal, gallbladder, kidney, pancreatic, endometrial and ovarian

Question 39

What are examples of primary prevention?

Answer 39

Childhood vaccines

Question 40

What are examples of secondary prevention?

Answer 40

Screening, BCG vaccination

Question 41

What are examples of tertiary prevention?

Answer 41

Medication post MI, pulmonary rehab

Question 42

What else do vaccinations increase in terms of public health?

Answer 42

Herd immunity

Question 43

What is epidemiology?

Answer 43

The study of frequency, distribution and determinants of a disease in populations

Question 44

What is the incidence rate?

Answer 44

The number of new cases of a disease occurring in a population during a specific period of time / number of persons exposed to the risk of developing the disease during that particular time

Question 45

What is the prevalence rate?

Answer 45

Number of cases of a disease present in a population at a specific point in time / the number of persons at risk of having the disease at that time

Question 46

What is the biological model?

Answer 46

The body is a machine- if it's broken, find what's wrong with it and fix it

Question 47

What is the psychosocial model?

Answer 47

Internal (psychological) and external (social) factors can influence health ad wellbeing too

Question 48

What are the psychological statistics post-MI?

Answer 48

20% of patients will develop depression and 15% PTSD

Question 49

What is the psychological statistic post stroke?

Answer 49

25-30% of patients will develop depression

Question 50

What are the biggest risk factors for adult mental illness?

Answer 50

Childhood neglect and abuse

Question 51

What is food insecurity?

Answer 51

Restricted access to nutrient dense food

Question 52

What is over-consumption?

Answer 52

High volumes of food that are high in energy but low in other vitamins

Question 53

What does increased severity of diarrhoea and infections as well as blindness suggest?

Answer 53

Vitamin A deficiency

Question 54

What does iodine deficiency cause?

Answer 54

Poor cognitive development

Question 55

What causes anaemia, poor cognitive development and increased susceptibility to infection suggest?

Answer 55

Iron deficiency