Histology

Question 1

What is euchromatin?

Answer 1

DNA actively undergoing transcription

Question 2

What is heterochromatin?

Answer 2

DNA that is condensed and not undergoing transcription

Question 3

What is the rough ER coated with?

Answer 3

Ribosomes

Question 4

What happens at the smooth ER?

Answer 4

Site of lipid synthesis

Question 5

What are inclusions?

Answer 5

Components which are synthesised by a cell e.g. pigments or lipid droplets

Question 6

What are microfilaments composed of?

Answer 6

Actin

Question 7

What is the role of a cellular junction?

Answer 7

To link individual cells together to form a functional unit

Question 8

What do occluding (tight) junctions do?

Answer 8

Link cells to form a diffusion barrier

Question 9

What are the two types of anchoring junctions?

Answer 9

Adhering and desmosomes

Question 10

What do adherent junctions do?

Answer 10

Link submembrane actin bundles of adjacent cells

Question 11

What do desmosomes do?

Answer 11

Link submembrane intermediate filaments

Question 12

Where are desmosomes common?

Answer 12

Skin

Question 13

What do communicating (gap) junctions do?

Answer 13

Allow movement of molecules through adjacent cells

Question 14

What is the combination of dyes most commonly used?`

Answer 14

Haematoxylin and eosin

Question 15

What type of dye is haematoxylin and what does this have affinity for?

Answer 15

Basic dye- has affinity for acid molecules and stains them blue/purple

Question 16

What type of dye is eosin and what does this have affinity for?

Answer 16

Acidic dye- has affinity for basic molecules and stains them pink

Question 17

What are the 4 main tissue types?

Answer 17

Epithelium, connective, muscle and nervous

Question 18

Where is epithelia found and what can it form?

Answer 18

Surface of body and lining hollow organs- forms glands

Question 19

What does muscle tissue do?

Answer 19

Generates force by contracting

Question 20

What does nervous tissue allow?

Answer 20

Rapid communication between body parts

Question 21

What do all epithelial cells have at their basal surface?

Answer 21

Basal lamina to which other cells are attached

Question 22

Are epithelial cells vascularised?

Answer 22

No

Question 23

How do nutrients enter epithelial cells?

Answer 23

Diffusion through basal lamina

Question 24

Are epithelial cells polarised or not?

Answer 24

Yes

Question 25

What are the 3 different shapes of epithelial cells?

Answer 25

Squamous (flattened), cuboidal and columnar

Question 26

What do simple, stratified and pseudostratified epithelia mean?

Answer 26

Simple- 1 layer Stratified- 2+ layers Pseudostratified- looks like more layers but all are in contact with basal lamina

Question 27

What is prominent microvilli on epithelial cells known as?

Answer 27

Brush border

Question 28

What are cell surface specialisations on epithelia?

Answer 28

Microvilli, cilia, keratin

Question 29

What are goblet cells?

Answer 29

Single cell mucus glands

Question 30

What does glandular epithelia produce?

Answer 30

Secretory hormones

Question 31

Where are substances secreted out of endocrine glands?

Answer 31

Basal end through the vascular system

Question 32

What is a name for endocrine glands?

Answer 32

Ductless glands

Question 33

Where are substances secreted out of exocrine glands?

Answer 33

Towards the apical end into a lumen, duct or body surface

Question 34

What is a name for exocrine glands?

Answer 34

Ducted glands

Question 35

What are the different types of connective tissue?

Answer 35

Hard, soft and blood/lymph

Question 36

Where is soft connective tissue found?

Answer 36

Tendons, ligaments, mesentery, dermis

Question 37

Where is hard connective tissue found?

Answer 37

Bone and cartilage

Question 38

What are the two types of soft connective tissue?

Answer 38

Loose or dense

Question 39

What are the types of dense connective tissue?

Answer 39

Aligned (tendon) Irregular (dermis) Regarding collagen

Question 40

How does cartilage receive nutrients since it is avascular?

Answer 40

Adjacent tissues through diffusion

Question 41

What are the 3 types of hard connective tissue?

Answer 41

Hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage

Question 42

What is the most common type of hard connective tissue and where is it found?

Answer 42

Hyaline- tracheal rings, costal cartilage and epiphyseal growth plates

Question 43

What type of bone is the outer shell and what does this make up?

Answer 43

Cortical bone, makes up the shaft (diaphysis)

Question 44

What does the cancellous or trabecular bone make up?

Answer 44

Ends of bone (epiphysis)

Question 45

What are the 3 major types of muscle?

Answer 45

Skeletal, smooth and cardiac

Question 46

Where is smooth muscle predominantly sound?

Answer 46

Organs

Question 47

How would you describe skeletal muscle?

Answer 47

giant, striated, multi-nucleated, cylindrical cell

Question 48

Where is the nucleus located in skeletal muscle?

Answer 48

Peripheries

Question 49

What is the sarcolemma?

Answer 49

Cell membrane of muscle cells

Question 50

Does cardiac muscle have striations?

Answer 50

Yes but not as prominent

Question 51

Is cardiac muscle multi-nucleated?

Answer 51

No

Question 52

What does nervous tissue consist of?

Answer 52

Neurones and glia

Question 53

What are glia?

Answer 53

Support cells

Question 54

What is nervous tissue surrounded by?

Answer 54

A coat of connective tissue

Question 55

What are astrocytes?

Answer 55

Glia which support and aid ion transport

Question 56

What are oligodendrocytes?

Answer 56

Glia which produce myelin

Question 57

What are microglia?

Answer 57

Glia which provide immune surveillance

Question 58

Which types of secreting cells of salivary glands stain intensely and which stain a little amount?

Answer 58

Serous secreting- stain intensely | Mucous secreting- little stain

Question 59

What type of ducts are found in salivary glands, and what do these contain lots of?

Answer 59

Straited ducts with lots of mitochondria

Question 60

Where in the GI tract is non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium found and what is the function of this?

Answer 60

Oral cavity, pharynx, oesophagus and anal canal- this is protective

Question 61

What type of epithelium is found in the stomach?

Answer 61

Simple columnar epithelium with extensive tubular glands- secretory

Question 62

What type of epithelium is found in the small intestine?

Answer 62

Simple columnar epithelium with villi and tubular glands- absorptive

Question 63

What type of epithelium is found in the large intestine?

Answer 63

Simple columnar epithelium with tubular glands- protective and absorptive

Question 64

In the large intestine, the longitudinal smooth muscle is not continuous. How would it be described?

Answer 64

Found in 3 muscular strips known as teniae coli

Question 65

Where do most of the neurones of the GI tract exist?

Answer 65

Between the two muscle layers which make up the muscularis externa

Question 66

What two parts produce the mucus which traps particles and takes them out of the airway?

Answer 66

Epithelial goblet cells and submucosal glands

Question 67

What type of cartilage does bronchi have in their walls?

Answer 67

Hyaline

Question 68

Do bronchioles have cartilage?

Answer 68

No

Question 69

What happens to the columnar cells of the epithelium as you move further down the respiratory tract?

Answer 69

They get shorter

Question 70

Can gas exchange occur across columnar epithelium?

Answer 70

No

Question 71

What are alveoli lined by?

Answer 71

Simple squamous epithelium

Question 72

Where do central veins of liver lobules drain to?

Answer 72

hepatic vein

Question 73

What is the space for blood flow between hepatocytes known as?

Answer 73

Sinusoids

Question 74

What are erythrocytes and what do they lack?

Answer 74

Red blood cells (99% of blood cells)- they lack a nucleus

Question 75

What are the 5 principle types of leukocytes which make up around 1% of blood cells?

Answer 75

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes and lymphocytes

Question 76

What type of blood cells are collectively called granulocytes?

Answer 76

Neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils

Question 77

How do you distinguish a neutrophil?

Answer 77

Multi-lobed nucleus

Question 78

What are the 3 layers of a muscular artery?

Answer 78

Tunica intima, tunica media and tunica adventitia

Question 79

What separates the tunica media and tunica adventitia?

Answer 79

External elastic membrane

Question 80

What type of epithelium do blood vessels have and what is this known as?

Answer 80

Simple squamous epithelium- known as endothelium

Question 81

What are the very largest arteries often termed?

Answer 81

Elastic arteries

Question 82

What are venous valves extensions of?

Answer 82

Tunica intima

Question 83

What is significant about the nucleus of neutrophils?

Answer 83

Multi-lobed

Question 84

Granules in the cytoplasm of eosinophils have a high affinity for what?

Answer 84

Eosin

Question 85

What is significant about the nucleus of eosinophils?

Answer 85

Bi-lobed

Question 86

What do granules in basophils have a high affinity for?

Answer 86

Basic dye

Question 87

What are monocytes?

Answer 87

Precursors of macrophages

Question 88

What shape is the nucleus of monocyte?

Answer 88

Kidney bean shaped

Question 89

Do platelets have a nucleus?

Answer 89

No