Ethics of Duty

Question 1

Definition

Answer 1

Immanuel Kant argued that morality should be judged to conformity to principles/rules. These rules aren’t context dependent, but rather inherently right or wrong. The only moral acts are done out of duty and to conform to moral norms

Question 2

Outline of Deontology

Answer 2

Objective, rational, unconditional principles that we must follow regardless of feelings (categorical imperative). Decisions are not justified by outcomes. A decision is right if it conforms with the moral norms. A moral act is only moral when motivated by duty.

Question 3

Categorical Imperative

Answer 3

Three Maxims:
1. Consistency - act only according to that maxim by which you can. If you’d like something to be universally respected.
2. Human Dignity - Act so that you treat humanity, whether in your own self or another, as an end and not as a means only. Treat others with respect.
3. Universality - Would you like it to be universal law, and would others agree?

Question 4

Challenges to Ethics of Duty

Answer 4

Undervalues Motivation (only motivation with moral worth is doing our duty - this is extreme to say, there is no recognition for going beyond duty, like a nurse comforting a patient).
Undervalues Outcomes (sometimes bending the rules for a better outcome feels more: lying to protect someone)
Assumption of Rationality (can we be expected to always act entirely rational and without emotion, should we?)