Ethics of Reproduction

Question 1

What are the two functions of the ovary?

Answer 1

Produce gametes (termed oogenesis)

Produce steroids, mainly oestrogen and progestogens (mainly progesterone)

Question 2

What is the structure of an ovary?

Answer 2

Medulla and cortex

Question 3

What is the medulla of the ovary?

Answer 3

Core of the organ; contains loose connective tissue, contorted arteries, veins and lymphatics, continuous with the hilum

Question 4

The cortex has scattered ovarian _________ in a highly _______ connective tissue _____

Answer 4

The cortex has scattered ovarian follicles in a highly cellular connective tissue stroma

Question 5

The outer shell of the cortex is a _____ connective tissue layer called the ______ _________

Answer 5

The outer shell of the cortex is a dense connective tissue layer called the tunica albuginea

Question 6

The tunica albuginea is covered by a ____ ______ of _____ cells called the ______ epithelium

Answer 6

The tunica albuginea is covered by a single layer of cuboidal cells called the germinal epithelium

Question 7

Describe the stages of follicle development and release

Answer 7

• primordial follicle
• early primary follicle
• late primary folliocle
• atretic follicles and secondary follicles
• follicle approaching maturity
• mature graafian follicle
• ruptured follicle and released oocyte
• corpus haemorrhaging
• corpus luteum
• corpus albicans

Question 8

The helicine arteries enter the hilum from the _____ ________ and supply blood to the organ

Answer 8

The helicine arteries enter the hilum from the broad ligament and supply blood to the organ

Question 9

Describe the formation of oocytes

Answer 9

Around week 6 in embryonic development germ cells from the yolk sac invade the ovaries and proliferate by mitosis to form oogonia. these cells will undergo development and division via meiosis to form oocytes

Question 10

Define oogenesis

Answer 10

Development of oocytes, the female germ cells

Question 11

Define folliculogenesis

Answer 11

Growth of the follicle, which consists of the oocyte and any associated support cells

Question 12

At which time does a women have the most oocytes?

Answer 12

7 months in utero

Question 13

Define atresia

Answer 13

Loss of oogonia and oocytes by apoptosis

Question 14

At what stage do oogonia pause their development

Answer 14

prophase I, will resume if going to become a mature follicle

Question 15

Describe the change of pregranulosa cells

Answer 15

they are squamous but if a follicle enters the growth phase will become cuboidal

Question 16

As granulosa proliferates inner layers of adjacent stromal cells transform into ____ ______, which go on to secrete _____ _______

Answer 16

As granulosa proliferates inner layers of adjacent stromal cells transform into theca interna, which go on to secrete oestrogen precursors

Question 17

What happens to the oestrogen precursors secreted by the theca interna

Answer 17

Converted to oestrogen by the granulosa cells

Question 18

What forms the theca externa

Answer 18

outer layers

Question 19

As the follicle enlarges what begins to form?

Answer 19

A space called the antrum filled with follicular fluid in the granulosa cell layer; a secondary follicle

Question 20

How big can a graafian follicle get?

Answer 20

20mm in diameter

Question 21

___ ___ before ovulation, the largest oocyte in the largest Graafian follicle will complete _______ _, producing a _____ _______

Answer 21

one day before ovulation, the largest oocyte in the largest Graafian follicle will complete meiosis 1, producing a secondary oocyte

Question 22

What is the role of a polar body

Answer 22

Produced by the largest graafian follicle to carry the second nucleus away to degenerate

Question 23

What stage of meiosis will the secondary oocyte halt at?

Answer 23

Metaphase II

Question 24

When will a secondary oocyte complete meiosis?

Answer 24

Once it has been released and fertilised- producing a second polar body

Question 25

What does follicular stigma indicate?

Answer 25

Imminent rupture of the follicle

Question 26

What are the granulosa cells referred to after the oocyte is released?

Answer 26

Corona radiata

Question 27

What happens to the follicle after ovulation?

Answer 27

Transforms into corpus lute with the theca and granulosa cells secreting oestrogen and progesterone

Question 28

If no implantation occurs what happens to the follicle?

Answer 28

Become corpus albicans

Question 29

What happens to the follicle if implantation occurs?

Answer 29

Placenta secretes HCG which prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum

Question 30

How does the ovum move down the uterine tube?

Answer 30

Peristalsis and currents generated by ciliated epithelium

Question 31

What cell type is important for nutrition in the uterine tube?

Answer 31

Secretory cells

Question 32

Describe the ampulla of the uterine tube?

Answer 32

Highly folded mucosa lined by simple columnar epithelium with ciliated cells and secretary cells. All are surrounded by smooth muscle.

Question 33

Both ______ and ________ are cyclic

Answer 33

Both secretion and ciliogenesis are cyclic

Question 34

There are 2 layers of smooth muscle in the _____ and 3 layers of smooth muscle in the ______

Answer 34

There are 2 layers of smooth muscle in the ampulla and 3 layers of smooth muscle in the isthmus

Question 35

What is the uterine wall made up of?

Answer 35

Endometrium Myometrium Perimetrium

Question 36

Describe endometrium

Answer 36

Inner secretory mucosa, shed during menstruation/ Made up of tubular secretory glands embedded in connective tissue stroma

Question 37

Describe myometrium

Answer 37

3 layers of smooth muscle combined with collagen and elastic tissue

Question 38

Describe perimetrium

Answer 38

Outer visceral covering of loose connective tissue covered by mesothelium

Question 39

What are the divisions of the endometrium

Answer 39

Stratum functionalis | Stratum basalis

Question 40

Describe the stratum functionalis

Answer 40

Undergoes monthly growth, degeneration and loss

Question 41

Describe the stratum basalis

Answer 41

reserve tissue which regenerates the functionalis

Question 42

The proliferative phase continues until about __ ___ ____ ovulation

Answer 42

The proliferative phase continues until about one day after ovulation

Question 43

Why is the stroma proliferating?

Answer 43

Oestrogen

Question 44

During the secretory phase glands become ____ with a ________ appearance and secrete ______

Answer 44

During the secretory phase glands become coiled with a corkscrew appearance and secrete glycogen

Question 45

During the menstrual phase what happens to the stratum functionalis?

Answer 45

Arterioles undergo constriction and deprive the tissue of blood and cause ischaemia, resultant tissue breakdown, leakage of blood and tissue sloughing

Question 46

The cervix is mostly _____ connective tissue covered by _____ ______ epithelium on its vaginal surface, but transitioning to mucous secreting _____ ______ _____.

Answer 46

The cervix is mostly fibrous connective tissue covered by stratified squamous epithelium on its vaginal surface, but transitioning to mucous secreting simple columnar epithelium.

Question 47

What are endocervical glands?

Answer 47

Secrete thin and watery in the proliferative phase (facilitate sperm) and thick and viscous following ovulation (prevent the passage of sperm or microorganisms)

Question 48

What is a nabothian cyst

Answer 48

Blockage of endocervical glands

Question 49

What are the four layers of the vagina?

Answer 49

1. non keratinised stratified squamous epithelium 2. lamina propria 3. fibromuscular layer 4. Adventitia

Question 50

Describe the non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium of the vagina

Answer 50

Thicker in reproductive years, cells are enlarged due to glycogen accumulation

Question 51

Describe the lamina propria of the vagina

Answer 51

connective tissue rich in elastic fibres and thin-walled blood vessels

Question 52

Describe the fibromuscular layer of the vagina?

Answer 52

Inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle

Question 53

There are __ _____ in the wall of the vagina, but it is lubricated by ____ from the ____ _____ and fluid from the thin walled blood vessels of the _____ ______

Answer 53

There are no glands in the wall of the vagina, but it is lubricated by mucous from the cervical glands and fluid from the thin walled blood vessels of the lamina propria

Question 54

What prevents growth of pathogenic bacteria in the vagina?

Answer 54

Commensal bacteria metabolise the glycogen to lactic acid

Question 55

Describe mons pubis

Answer 55

Skin containing highly oblique hair follicles (produce coarse, very curly hair characteristic of pubic hair), overlying a substantial fat pad, overlying the pubic symphisis

Question 56

What is the labia majora?

Answer 56

Extensions of the mons pubis

Question 57

Describe the skin of the labia majora

Answer 57

Rich in apocrine sweat glands and sebaceous glands with small bundles of smooth muscle Hair follicles are present on the outer surface but not the inner

Question 58

What is the labia minora?

Answer 58

Thin skin folds that lack subcutaneous fat and hair follicles

Question 59

What is the skin of the labia minora rich in?

Answer 59

Vasculature and sebaceous glands that secrete directly onto the surface of the skin.

Question 60

______ ______ extends into the opening of the vagina to the level of the _____, where there is a transition to ___________ ____ _____ epithelium

Answer 60

keratinzed epithilium extends into the opening of the vagina to the level of the hymen, where there is a transition to non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

Question 61

What is the clitoris made from?

Answer 61

Two tubes of erectile vascular tissue (corpora cavernosa), covered by fibrocollagenous sheath covered by skin with rich inervation and thin epidermis