Nutrition in reproduction Flashcards
(55 cards)
What is important pre-conception to ensure maternal well-being and favourable outcomes of pregnancy?
Consumption of a varied and balanced diet
What micronutrients are often lacking in industrialised societies diets?
- iron
- folic acid
- calcium
- iodine
- vitamin D
- polyunsaturated fatty acids
What dose of folic acid is needed pre-conception and during first trimester?
400 micrograms
What dose of vitamin D is recommended to mums and when should it be taken?
10 micrograms through pregnancy and through breast feeding
What groups are most at risk of dietary deficiencies?
- exclusion diets: vegan, vege, gluten free
- underweight/overweight
- adolescents: improper mobilisagiton of fat stores during the prenatal period
- multiple pregnancy: depletion of maternal reserves
- low income family: low income of fruit & veg
- Previous poor pregnancy outcome: reduce risk of preterm delivery, pre-eclampsia, IUGR
- smokers: low DHA
Which women require a 5mg dose of folic acid?
Obese women, diabetics, history of baby with NTD or FH, on anti-epileptics
Where are folates found in food?
Green leafy vegetables, fruits (such as oranges), cereals and offal
What are iron rich foods?
Meat, fish, legumes and green leafy vegetables
Who is at risk of iron deficiency in pregnancy?
Young age at first pregnancy
Repeated pregnancies
Multiple pregnancies
How should iron deficiency in pregnancy be managed?
- Optimisation of age of first pregnancy
- Increase inter-pregnancy intervals
- Improve dietary intakes through education
- Daily or intermittent iron supplementation (women of child-bearing age and during pregnancy)
What are the essential components of diet in pregnancy?
- calories
- protein
- fats
- calcium
- DHA
What is the calorie recommendation in pregnancy
70kcal/day in first trimester to 260 and 500kcal/day in the second and third
500 kcal/day in first 6 months of exclusive breastfeeding
What are the protein recommendations in pregnancy?
increased by 1g/day in the first trimester, 8g/day in second trimester and 26g/day in third trimester
What are the fat recommendations in pregnancy?
Quality is more important than total amount
What is the recommendation for calcium in pregnancy?
Requires Vitamin D
Bioavailablility of calcium highest in milk and derivatives in mineral water
What is the recommendation for docosahexaenoic acid?
Major polyunsaturated fatty acid contained in the human brain and retinal rods
2 to 3 servings of fish per week during pregnancy recommended for optimal fetal development
What is vitamin D required for in pregnancy and breast feeding?
- regulation of cytokine metabolism
- modulation of the immune system
- contributing to the embryo implantation
- regulating the secretion of several hormones
What dose of vitamin D supplement should be taken?
10 ug/day
What are the maternal risks of vitamin D deficiency?
Osteomalacia
Pre-eclampsia
Gestational diabetes
Caesarean section
Bacterial vaginosis
What are the foetal risks of vitamin D deficiency?
- SGA
- neonatal hypocalcaemia
- asthma/respiratory infection
- rickets
What foods should be avoided in pregnancy?
- Soft cheese
- Undercooked meat, cured meats, game
- Tuna
- Raw/partially cooked eggs
- Pate
- Liver
- Vitamin & Fish Oil Supplements
Who is the healthy start programme available to and what does it provide?
Pregnant women;
- on benefits
- under age 18
Provides Vitamin supplements;
- 70mg vitamin C
- 10ug vitamin D
- 400ug folic acid
AND;
- £3.10 per week to pregnant women
- £6.20 per week to women with babies <1 year
- £3.10 per week for children 1-4 years
What does breastfeeding require?
- Require Vitamin D, calcium, but less iron
- Fat stores during pregnancy but if underweight require more calories
What are the risks to mum if she has a BMI ≤18.5kg/m2?
Nutritional depletion especially if hyperemesis gravidarum develops
