ETHICS PRINCIPLES

Question 1

Refers to a fundamental rule of moral law containing certain truth from which knowledge of a definite moral action for performance proceeds along with the provision of solution to specific moral problem or issue.

Answer 1

ethics principle / moral principle

Question 2

importance of ethics principles:
1. To allow health professionals to determine ___ and ___
2. From these principles, the rules found in professional ___
were derived.

Answer 2

right and wrong;
code of ethics

Question 3

autos means

Answer 3

self

Question 4

nomos means

Answer 4

governance, rules, law

Question 5

a form of personal liberty where the individual is free to choose and
implement his decisions

Answer 5

autonomy

Question 6

Qualifications needed to exercise autonomy:
1. capacity to ___ the issue and what the situation is all about
2. capacity to ___ and give one’s own ____
3. capacity to ___ by weighing the pros and cons of the issue
4. capacity to make an ___

Answer 6

understand
reason out; opinion
deliberate
independent choice or decision

Question 7

prior to any substantial information or research participation, clients
must have full information of:
a. what the procedure is all about
b. the objectives
c. the needs
d. the advantages
e. alternative measures
f. positive and negative outcomes of the procedure

Answer 7

informed consent

Question 8

Consent forms are legal documents – ___ (1st hand evidence) in court cases

Answer 8

prima facie

Question 9

4 elements of informed consent

Answer 9

competence
voluntariness
disclosure
permission giving

Question 10

what does a nurse do when the pt is not in his right sense when obtaining consent?

Patients in coma, unconscious or incapable of making a decision

Answer 10

get the family or relative

Question 11

what does a nurse do when the pt is not in his right sense when obtaining consent?

In instances when there are no close relatives and decisions must be made

Answer 11

health professionals

Question 12

what does a nurse do when the pt is not in his right sense when obtaining consent?

minors

Answer 12

get the parents and the family

Question 13

true or false - In certain cultures, a patient even if competent, expects and trusts a specific
relative to be the consent giver

Answer 13

true

Question 14

2 functions of informed consent:

Answer 14

protective
participative

Question 15

to safeguard against tension of integrity

Answer 15

protective

Question 16

to be involved in health-care decision-making

Answer 16

participative

Question 17

3 types of informed consent:

Answer 17

implied
verbal
written

Question 18

consent – for routine procedures (medications, bed bath, physical
examination)

Answer 18

implied

Question 19

consent for treatments that do not carry significant risks

Answer 19

verbal

Question 20

consent for treatments/procedures that are complex and carry a higher risk

Answer 20

written

Question 21

means that a person has the right to keep personal information secret.

Answer 21

privacy

Question 22

when the health care professional does not disclose to others his/her patient’s personal/private information

Answer 22

confidentiality

Question 23

3 situations where confidentiality can be broken

Answer 23

if a patient consents
for the best interest of the patient
for the best interest of the public

Question 24

✓ truthfulness and candor
✓ patient must tell the truth in order that appropriate care can be provided
✓ the health professional needs to disclose factual information so that patient can exercise
personal autonomy

Answer 24

veracity

Question 25

obligation to act in good faith, keep vows and promises and maintains relationship and fiduciary responsibility

Answer 25

fidelity

Question 26

– the contract of relationship a health professional enter into with a patient

Answer 26

fiduciary responsibility

Question 27

true or false - contract of care – can withdraw care without endorsement/referral with others

Answer 27

false - you cannot, otherwise it is a breach of fidelity

Question 28

◦ rendering of what is one’s due ◦ evokes fairness, entitlement, what is deserved, due, equitable or appropriate in society determined by norms

Answer 28

justice

Question 29

Obligations of health care practitioners: 1. ___ of life and health 2. ___ of bodily integrity from harm 3. ___ for human dignity

Answer 29

preservation protection respect

Question 30

– distributing society’s benefits and burdens to its members - problems arise under conditions of scarcity and competition - when supply is limited, more should be given to the one who needs most and the one who will be most benefited to attain quality of life.

Answer 30

distributive justice

Question 31

how to allocate scarce resources

Answer 31

utilitarian egalitarian

Question 32

Maximizing strategies to achieve the greatest amount of good or minimizing strategies to reduce amount of potential harm

Answer 32

utilitarian alternative

Question 33

– for those whose treatment has the highest probability of medical success

Answer 33

medical success principle

Question 34

– for those who have immediate service to the larger group under circumstances

Answer 34

principle of immediate usefulness

Question 35

– for those who require proportionally smaller amount of resources, thus, more lives will be saved

Answer 35

principle of conservation

Question 36

for those who have the highest responsibility to dependents

Answer 36

parental role principle

Question 37

– for those believed to have greatest general social worth, thus leading to the good of society

Answer 37

principle of general social value

Question 38

Maintaining or restoring the quality of the person in need

Answer 38

egalitarian alternative

Question 39

no one should receive any because there are no enough resources for all in need

Answer 39

principle of saving no one

Question 40

– for those with most pressing medical problems

Answer 40

principle of medical neediness

Question 41

to the most helpless or generally neediest

Answer 41

principle of general neediness

Question 42

for those who arrive first; most practical

Answer 42

principle of first come first serve basis

Question 43

through lottery ( by chance or random)

Answer 43

principle of random selection

Question 44

Conflict of right; paying attention to one would mean violation of other

Answer 44

collision of rights

Question 45

what to do when there is conflict of right

Answer 45

more universal order graver matter stronger title or claim

Question 46

◦ Actions done for the good of others ◦ Goes hand on hand with benevolence and provenance ◦ Suggests acts of mercy, kindness and charity ◦ A virtue of being inclined to do good and act for the benefit of others

Answer 46

beneficence

Question 47

“We are not morally required to give benefits to persons on all occasions, even if we are in the position to do so. Beneficence is plain goodness to others without going out of our ways.”

Answer 47

obligatory beneficence

Question 48

emergency care to one who is hovering between life and death

Answer 48

ideal beneficence

Question 49

◦ Not to inflict harm intentionally; prevention of harm and removal of all harmful conditions

Answer 49

non-maleficence

Question 50

“I will never use treatment to injure or wrong the sick.”

Answer 50

hippocratic oath

Question 51

“I will abstain from whatever is deleterious or mischievous and will not take or knowingly administer any harmful drug.”

Answer 51

florence nightingale pledge

Question 52

➢ One ought to prevent evil or harm ➢ One ought to remove evil or harm ➢ One ought to do or promote good ➢ Maximizes benefits

Answer 52

beneficence

Question 53

➢ One ought not to inflict evil or harm ➢ Minimizes risk

Answer 53

non-maleficence

Question 53

When are withholding and withdrawing treatments justified? 1.When the case is ___ and any form of treatment will not ___ the patient 2.When ___ is imminent or when patient is already ___.

Answer 53

irreversible; benefit death; dead

Question 54

Means to end life earlier than its natural schedule

Answer 54

killing

Question 55

Allowing patient to die by not administering any hastening element

Answer 55

letting go

Question 56

It is morally permissible to do an act with both good and bad effects i

Answer 56

double effect

Question 57

◦ Working with another in the performance of an action

Answer 57

principle of legitimate cooperation

Question 58

elements of principle of legitimate cooperation

Answer 58

1. magnitude of the function played 2. essentiality of the action 3. gravity of the act partaken

Question 59

true or false - There is no question of morality if the action performed is good

Answer 59

true

Question 60

If the action performed is evil, ___ comes in

Answer 60

moral dilemma

Question 61

with explicit intention and willingness for the evil act

Answer 61

formal cooperation

Question 62

– an act other than the evil act itself but facilitates and contributes to its achievement

Answer 62

material cooperation

Question 63

direct participation in the performance of an evil act; openly, straightforwardly cooperation in the practice of an evil act; may also constitute formal cooperation; conspicuously immoral like the formal cooperation

Answer 63

direct cooperation

Question 64

– an act that is not intimately connected with the performance of an evil act as in formal and direct cooperation but whose effect may have an indirect bearing upon it; may incur lesser culpability or can be morally excused depending upon the bearing upon the evil act and the intention of the one indirectly cooperating.

Answer 64

indirect cooperation

Question 65

– consists of an act that is intimately linked with the performance of an evil action due to its close bearing; in a way, constitutes material cooperation ; like material cooperation, may be morally excused.

Answer 65

proximate cooperation

Question 66

consists of an act with a distant bearing upon or connection with the execution of an evil act; may have a lesser accountability or morally excused as the case may be

Answer 66

remote cooperation

Question 67

Means that what an individual, lower or smaller groups can achieve within his/her capacity should not be taken away and transmitted to the custody and performance of a higher or bigger group and vice versa.

Answer 67

principle of common good and subsidiarity

Question 68

warns those in power and holding positions in the society or in an organization to practice the virtue of justice and careful decisions in the promulgation of laws and policies lest rights incumbent upon individual persons or groups be absorbed or trampled upon

Answer 68

principle of common good and subsidiarity

Question 69

Expression of one’s responsibility to take care of, nurture and cultivate what has been entrusted to us (all creation) ◦ Can be personal, social, ecological, biomedical

Answer 69

principle of stewardship

Question 70

principle of stewardship: In health care, execution of responsibility to:

Answer 70

1. look after 2. provide necessary health care services 3. promote health and life of those entrusted to the care of health professionals

Question 71

The existence of parts indicates the existence of the whole

Answer 71

principle of totality

Question 72

- – should be connected to the whole of which they are parts (without which they cease to be)

Answer 72

PART

Question 73

PART: if it becomes problematic = ??

Answer 73

it affects the whole

Question 74

PART: - if it poses threat to do more harm than good leading to the destruction of the whole = ???

Answer 74

it is morally permissible that it be removed and sacrificed for the sake of the whole

Question 75

the whole is greater than any of its parts

Answer 75

whole

Question 76

WHOLE: - if the sick part serves as a fatal threat to the whole

Answer 76

the whole is more important than the diseased part