Ethics test revision Questions

Question 1

What are ethics?

Key:

• Sustained analyzation
• ought to live
• Dialogue

Answer 1

Ethics is a sustained analyzation of how we are ought to act. Dialogue of right action. Its primary aim is to determine how one ought to live and what actions one ought to do in the conduct of one’s life.

Question 2

What is morality?

Key:
- good and bad.

Answer 2

Morality is concerned with human behavior and to define what is right and wrong about our actions.

Question 3

What is the human conscience?

(Conscience is formed by the many influences encountered in life and its formation goes through stages of development as people gain knowledge and wisdom)

Key:

• Developed the ability
• right and wrong.
• intuition and strong emotions

Answer 3

Conscience is a developed the ability of a human being to know right and wrong. Conscience is encompassing intuition and strong emotions.

Question 4

Define what it is that makes something an issue.

Key:

- Viewpoints debated

Answer 4

A subject becomes an issue when there are more than one different viewpoints debated.

Question 5

What makes an issue become an ethical issue?

Key:

• Values or ethical principles
• Moral or immoral.
• Premise arguments
• Opposes the question ‘What are we ought to do?’.

Answer 5

An ethical issue usually involves a conflict between values or ethical principles. An issue becomes an ethical issue when it requires stakeholders of a certain ethical principle to evaluate whether the actions arousing the issuse was moral or immoral. Thus, unlike a normal issue where the individual is only required to present premise arguments, an ethical issue is analyzed via multiple reasonable viewpoints and opposes the question ‘What are we ought to do?’.

Question 6

What are ethical or moral codes?

Key:

• Standards of conduct that guide the behavior
• Prescribing righteous behavior

Answer 6

Ethical codes contain general principles and ethical standards of conduct that guide the behavior. On the contrary, moral codes are a written, formal, and consistent set of rules prescribing righteous behavior, accepted by a person or socially.

Question 7

What is the difference between idealized and practiced values?

Clarify with the teacher

Answer 7

Idealized values are merely the ethical principles that members of society like to think goverens their moral compass, but not intrinsically grounded in reality. Hence, practiced values are more practical and are grounded in reality.

Question 8

What does the term ‘normative’ mean when applied to ethics and morality?

Key:

• Culture approves and disapproves
• Not necessarily
• Outline the common decency
• Cohesion
• Organisms

Answer 8

The term Normative standards describe the actions and inaction of a culture approves and disapproves. These are not necessarily codified in rules or laws. In ethics, the normative standard is concerned with what actions are approved by our human nature. For example, parents not neglecting their child. Whereas in morality, normative standards outline the common decency that we should practice in order to live in cohesion with other living organisms calling earth home.

Question 9

What is intuition?

Key:
- Emotional intelligence

Answer 9

Intuition is a feeling based on emotional intelligence, natural law, and life experience.

Question 10

What is the role of reasoning in ethical decision making?

Key:

• An objective analysis of an ethical issue.
• Person’s conscience, intuition, personal or religious moral values, and assumptions.
• Capacity to form a conclusion
• Ambiguous conclusions and would

Answer 10

For an objective analysis of an ethical issue, a person needs to consider these factors person’s conscience, intuition, personal or religious moral values, and assumptions when applying ethical principles to determine what we are ought to do. The role of reasoning an ethical decision to move beyond mere disagreement and gives the discussion the capacity to form a conclusion that states what is ethically right and wrong. Without reasoning, ethical discussions would have more ambiguous conclusions and would not serve the purpose of guiding society to a moral state.

Question 11

Define the term ‘ethical principles’.

Key:

• Framework
• Justify ethical situations

Answer 11

Ethical principles are considered by many as the standard theoretical framework from which to analyze and justify ethical situations.

Question 12

➢ Social norms

Key:
- The fact that they are norms does not make them moral.

Answer 12

Are rules that are created by what everyone does, whether it follows or go against the law. The fact that they are norms does not make them moral. For example, lying to your parents when you brake something in the house.

Question 13

➢ World view

Key:

• Equally inhabitants of the Earth
• Benefits to the world as a whole.

Answer 13

‘World View’ in ethics is the consciousness that we are all equally inhabitants of the Earth. An individual who supports the ‘World view’ will make decisions based on its benefits to the world as a whole.

Question 14

➢ Ethical authority

Key:

• Used to support
• Not all claimed ethical authorities are authoritative.

Answer 14

Is any person or thing that is used to support an ethical viewpoint. Someone or something that has the right to determine, command advise, or judge. They have been confirmed as dependable, learned, righteous, factual, authentic, proven and authenticated.

Question 15

➢ Mores

Key:
- Set by a group

Answer 15

The term “mores” refers to the norms set by a group, largely for behavior and appearance.

Question 16

➢ Moral values

Key:
- Standards of good and evil

Key:

• Keep your promises
• Do not cheat
• Treat others as you want to be treated
• Do not judge
• Be dependable
• Be forgiving
• Have integrity
• Take responsibility for your actions
• Have patience
• Seek justice
• Have humility
• Be generous

Answer 16

Moral values are the standards of good and evil, which govern an individual’s behavior and choices. Values work together with principles to determine the behavior of an individual and society.

Question 17

Utilitarianism

• Consequentialism
• Relativism
• Sentient
• Ideal
• Hedonism

Answer 17

Decisions are made on the basis of choosing the best outcome to achieve the greatest happiness.

Question 18

Subjectivism

Key:
- The theory that perception (or consciousness) is reality, and that there is no underlying, true reality that exists independent of perception.

Answer 18

• Subjectivism accords primacy to subjective experience as fundamental of all measures and law.
• that there is no external or objective truth.
• Subjectivism teaches that there are no objective moral truths out there.

Question 19

Situation ethics

Answer 19

The doctrine of flexibility in the application of moral laws according to circumstances. This may involve actions that are questionable, even immoral, yet the good is the outcome.​​

Question 20

Relativism

Key:

• Ther is no right answer
• “Who am I to judge?”

Answer 20

Moral relativism is the idea that there is no universal or absolute set of moral principles.
- all societies should accept each other’s differing moral values, given that there are no universal moral principles - those who adhere to moral relativism would say, “When in Rome, do as the Romans do.”

Question 21

Nihilism

Key:

• Encourages individuals to think for themselves beyond conventional morality.
• denies moral principles and ethical values.
• In short, reasoning cannot be trusted to determine the truth of right or wrong.

Answer 21

This would also mean there are no universal “oughts.” That is to say, there is nothing that anyone ought to do - whether it be honest, save a life, protect someone else, not steal, etc.

Question 22

Consequential

key:
- For instance, most people would agree that lying is wrong. But if telling a lie would help save a person’s life, consequentialism says it’s the right thing to do.

Answer 22

• the ethical theory that judges whether or not something is right by what its consequences
• Consequentialism is sometimes criticized because it can be difficult, or even impossible, to know what the result of an action will be ahead of time. Indeed, no one can know the future with certainty

Question 23

Natural law

Key:
- defined by morality,

Answer 23

According to the natural law theory, the moral standards that govern my behavior objectively derive from the nature of human beings, entwined with the nature of the world.

• Natural law theorists believe that human laws are defined by morality, and not by an authority figure, like a king or a government. Therefore, we humans are guided by our human nature to figure out what the laws are, and to act in conformity with those laws.
• A system of right or justice held to be common to all humans and derived from nature rather than from the rules of society, or positive law.

Question 24

Absolutist

Key:

• One set of moral rules.
• Rules common to everyone.
• Rules unlikely to change over time.
• Dogmatic

Answer 24

Moral absolutism is an ethical view that all actions are intrinsically right or wrong.

Moral absolutism asserts that there are certain universal moral principles by which all peoples’ actions may be judged. It is a form of deontology.

Absolutists make an effort to apply complete or universal standards across all situations.

Question 25

Stakeholder

Key:
- interest in

Answer 25

Someone who has an interest in or will be affected by a decision.

Question 26

What is immortality?

Key:
- live forever

Answer 26

the ability to live forever; eternal life.

Question 27

What is mortality?

key:
- subject to death.

Answer 27

the state of being subject to death.

Question 28

Moral compass

key;
- ability to naturally

Answer 28

The concept of a moral compass is the ability to naturally judge what is right and wrong.

Question 29

Why should a person be moral?

Answer 29

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Question 30

Identify a major ethical principle that influences Australians in their moral behavior.

Answer 30

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Question 31

Ought ethics?

Key:
- Agent

Answer 31

the principle according to which an agent has a moral obligation to perform a certain action

Question 32

What is a pluralist society?

Key:
- Separation exist between

Answer 32

• where a Separation exists between religion and the state

- There are competing ethical perspectives of secular lobby groups (atheist and humanist groups).

Question 33

What are the differences between normative standards and social norms?

Key:

• not make them moral
• is immoral but not illegal.

Answer 33

Social norms.
Are rules that are created by what everyone does, whether it follows or goes against the law. The fact that they are norms does not make them moral.

Normative
Actions and inactions of which a culture approves and disapproves. For example, having sexual intercourse with another woman instead of your wife is immoral but not illegal.

Question 34

What are religious ethics based on?

Key:
- insights about life and its true meaning.

Answer 34

Religious ethics is based on the idea that God (or some deity) reveals insights about life and its true meaning. Similar to one religion to the next, these fundamental principles flow from the core beliefs and ancient wisdom of religion, as well as its teachers and traditions.

Question 35

Kant’s categorical imperative.

Key:
- This statement echos the ethical formula of humanity.

Answer 35

Kant means that we should not use a person for our own benefits, without no thought to the interest or benefit to the person you are using. For example, a teacher should not get their students to research a specific topic if it isn’t going to benefit or enhance the student’s understanding of the topic.

Question 36

Hedonism

Key:
pleasure or avoids pain.

Answer 36

Hedonism, on the other hand, says something is “good” if the consequence produces pleasure or avoids pain.

Question 37

How do the 9 Aspects impact on Ethics?

Key:
- framework

Answer 37

Every religion has an ethical framework that is based on rules and principles. Ethical rules are a set of clearly defined statements that places impediments on our actions. The 9 aspects derive and serve religion’s ethical principles and rules. `

Question 38

What is a Pluralistic society?

Key:

• Separation from religion and the state
• There are competing ethical perspective of secular lobby groups (atheist and humanist groups).

Answer 38

A pluralistic society is a diverse one, where the people in it believe all kinds of different things and tolerate each other’s beliefs even when they don’t match their own. A pluralistic society tends to form moral values from preferences that adhere to most members of the society, in accordance with their shared faith as a nation.

Question 39

A pluralistic society generally functions under the ethical principle of……

key:
- universal law without contradiction
- something must always be done in similar situations.
- category 1 offences

Answer 39

A pluralistic society generally functions under the ethical principle of Universalizablity. Which is to act according to the maxim that should become a universal law without contradiction. Ultimately, this theory states that something must always be done in similar situations. For instance, the Victorian Criminal Justice act upon the 2016 legislation which was composed down by its state government, that all category 1 offences must impose a sanction of imprisonment on the offender. This is a prime example of the theory of Universalizablity acting in a pluralistic society like Victoria.