ethnic differences in achievement

Question 1

what is lawson and garrods defintion of ethnic groups

Answer 1

people who share common history, customs and identity , as well as in most cases, language and religion and who see themselves as a distinct unit

Question 2

a difficulty of studying ethnicity

Answer 2

deciding who to include in an ethnic group e.g asians with diff language + religions

Question 3

an important gender and class difference between ethnic groups

Answer 3

among all ethnic group girls do better except for gypsy/Roma

Question 4

white boys on free school meals achievement measure (DfES)

Answer 4

DfES 23% white boys on FSM gain 5 A*-C at GCSE, whites may be worst performing

Question 5

the lack of material deprivation leading to cultural capital in ethnic minorities causing underachievement

Answer 5

low income = black. lack enriching experiences + intellectual experiences so no problem + reasoning skills

Question 6

the lack of linguistic skills in ethnic minorities that cause underachievement

Answer 6

bereiter and engelmann - language of poor black families = inadequate for educational success. ungrammatical + disjointed

Question 7

english as a second language - is it a big factor in differences in achievement

Answer 7

stats how not major factor (2010) children with EAL only 3.2 points behind.

Question 8

what do gillborn and mirza say of EAL

Answer 8

indian students do well despite being EAL

Question 9

lack of correct attitudes and values in affecting a lack of motivation and competition

Answer 9

lack of motivation = major /black) mianstream culture = ambition, competitiveness, willingness - achieve goals but blacks = fatalism ‘live for today’ (sugarman)

Question 10

a dysfunctional family type that leads to underachievement (moynihan)

Answer 10

moynihan - black = lone, women headed, so children deprivied of adequate care as mother has to struggle breadwinner + homemaker

Question 11

the absence of the father in black families leads to what

Answer 11

lack of adequate role model of male achievement

Question 12

the cycle of inadqueate family types by cultural deprivation

Answer 12

moynihan states cultural deprivation is a cycle where inadequately socialised children go on to fail school and go to have their own lone parent families

Question 13

murray - new right perspective of underachievement amongst ethnic minorities

Answer 13

high rate of lone parenthood + lack of positive male role model figures

Question 14

scruton - new right perspective of low achievement in ethnic minorities

Answer 14

some ethnic minorities fail to embrace mainstream british culture

Question 15

pryce and the differences between asian and black cohesion that leads to differences in tolerance to racism

Answer 15

asian families are more cohesive + greater self - worth = tolerance to racism
black = low self esteem low resistance

Question 16

what causes a low self esteem in black families compared to asians - pryce

Answer 16

blacks= experience of slavery = culturally devastating, lost language, religion. asian families did not lose culture by colonial rule

Question 17

sewell contradictions of murray( lack of father = lack of role model)

Answer 17

sewell = not lack of fathers but lack of fatherly nurturing (tough love) boys = cannot overcome emotional difficulty of adolescence

Question 18

what do boys result to when difficulty of adolescence after lack of fatherly nurturing

Answer 18

street gangs offer boys a perverse loyalty and love, anti school subcultures

Question 19

what was the biggest barrier to success in the black boys that sewell had interviewed

Answer 19

black boys were subject to peer pressure to join anti school subculture, one is nurtured by MTV, the other studies

Question 20

gillborn counterpoint to sewell of peer pressure to join anti school subcultures causing underachievement

Answer 20

it is not peer pressure but institutional racism within education system that systematically produces failure of black boys

Question 21

opposition to black family types in asian types that causes them to achieve whilst black underachieve in support children recieve

Answer 21

chinese - very supportive with fathers, ‘asian work ethic’

Question 22

what does lupton say about asian families that cause a overachievement

Answer 22

asian family authority is similar to education respectful behaviour expected from children- parents supportive of school policy

Question 23

how does mculloch survey of 16,000 on asiprations of attending university show white underachievement

Answer 23

ethnic minorities more likely to aspire going to university compared to white british

Question 24

why do white british have low aspiration of attending university

Answer 24

low asiprations + achievement from lack of parental support

Question 25

what were lutpons findings in studying different demographic secondary schools related to behaviour and discipline

Answer 25

4 WC schools 2 white, 1 pakistani, 1 mixed low discipline + behaviour from whites despite low FSM% ---- blamed on low parental support

Question 26

what is evans view on whites behaviour + discipline issues

Answer 26

whites involved in street culture leads to withstanding of intimidation, school place of where street culture played out - disruption

Question 27

how is cultural deprivation a negative, pessimistic view - driver

Answer 27

cultural deprivation theory ingores positive effects of ethnicity on achievement, black family teaches females independence

Question 28

lawrence criticism of pryce that blacks have a low self esteem

Answer 28

blacks underachieve not becuase of low self esteem but because of racism

Question 29

keddie's view of cultural deprivation

Answer 29

culturally different, not culturally deprived. ethnocentric curriculum biased in favour of whites so ethnic are outsiders to schools curriculum,

Question 30

a criticism of compensatory education

Answer 30

compensatory education imposes dominant white culture

Question 31

alternatives to compensatory education that instills white ethnocentric values

Answer 31

multicultural education - recognition of minority cultures inclusion in curriculum anti- racist education- policy that challenges prejudice + discrimination

Question 32

according to palmer what are difficulties ethnic minorities face in material deprivation

Answer 32

1/2 live in low income, against 1/4 of whites x2 likely to be unemployed x3 likely to be homeless almost 1/2 bangladeshi earned under £7 an hour compared to 1/4 white

Question 33

area of living acting as a barrier to employment in ethnic households

Answer 33

many live in economically depressed areas with high unemployment+ low wages

Question 34

what is a cultural factor is some muslim families that prevents women from working

Answer 34

the purdah - prevents women from working outside

Question 35

type of qualification that ethnic minorites have acting as a barrier

Answer 35

some qualifiaction are unrecognised - low skilled labour

Question 36

asylum seekers and working

Answer 36

asylum seekers may not be allowed to work

Question 37

how does prejudice act as a barrier - racial discrimination

Answer 37

racism may not allow the employment in the labour market of ethnic minorities

Question 38

mason - the persisting experience of racism and prejudice in ethnic minorities ( quote)

Answer 38

mason discrimination is the continuing and persistent feature of the experience of britain's citizens of minority and ethnic origin

Question 39

evidence that racial racism leads to a decrease in employment rates + sociologist

Answer 39

wood et al - 3 fictitious applicants, closely matched , 1 white, 2 ethnic minorities.1 in 16 ethnic applicant offered an interview compared to 1 in 9 white

Question 40

rex - how does discrimination cause exclusion that worsens the poverty faced

Answer 40

racial discrimination leads to social exclusion, housing: ethnic minorities more likely to be forced to substandard accommodation than whites of the same class

Question 41

how does racism in employment affect education

Answer 41

ethnic minorities have low paying jobs so cannot afford to give children cultural capital and may be materially deprived

Question 42

evidence in black peoples achievement being affected by the education and teachers from high achieve to low

Answer 42

gillborn and mirza - primary school - blacks high achievers 20 points ahead average. at GCSES were worst performing ethnic group 21 points below average. challenges external factors

Question 43

how are asians and blacks labelled

Answer 43

asian - passive black - disruptive based on own stereotypes, not truth

Question 44

gillborn and youdell - how do teachers discipline blacks unfairly

Answer 44

quicker to discipline blacks due to racialised expectations. misinterpreted blacks behaviour as threatening. teachers acted on this and so blacks responded negatively - conflict teachers underestimated ability

Question 45

what explains the high level of exclusions of blacks from education

Answer 45

bourne - teachers misinterpret blacks as a threat due to stereotypes, label negatively leading to exclusion

Question 46

stats for how exclusions affect GCSE attainment

Answer 46

only 1 in 5 excluded pupils achieve 5 GCSES

Question 47

blacks are admitted to referral units, how does this affect their education

Answer 47

this is exclusion from accessing the mainstream curriculum

Question 48

how are black people streamed and how does this affect their self esteem

Answer 48

gilborn and youdell - A-C economy, teacher focus on student believed to get a C (educational triage). negative stereotypes of blacks -- low expectation of ability - lower stream

Question 49

how are asian pupils affected by ethnocentric views of teachers

Answer 49

teachers assumed asians =poor english, left out class discussions/ simplistic childish language - Asian girls marginalised, prevented from participating fully asians = ignored not threats unlike black

Question 50

how do teachers define pupil identities

Answer 50

teachers define pupils as having stereotypical ethnic identities

Question 51

archer ; what is the ideal pupil identity

Answer 51

ideal pupil identity - white MC, masculinsed, normal sexuality. achievement is through natural ability ( right way of achieving

Question 52

archers ; what is the pathologised student identity

Answer 52

asian ; deverving poor, feminised indentity, asexual or oppressed sexuality. they are seen as conformist + overachiever, succeeds through hard work not than natural ability

Question 53

archer ; what is the demonised human identity

Answer 53

white/black WC hypersexualised identity, unintelligent, peer-led culturally deprived under-achiever

Question 54

shain - what are the consequences of asians challanging stereotypes

Answer 54

dealt with more severe consequences of going against their stereotype than other pupils

Question 55

why are chinese pupils pathologised even if they are hardworkers

Answer 55

they attain achievement in the wrong way, through hardwork, passive conformism rather than the right way - natural ability, they have tight and close families

Question 56

evidence of blacks rejecting labels and not self fulfilling them

Answer 56

black girls - London, comprehensive school low streams, channelled anger towards challenging the stereotypes of them by working, do not seek approval from teachers

Question 57

how did the girls who were rejecting their label meet the contradictory demands of school

Answer 57

remained friends with low streams + avoiding ridicule of black boys (anti-school), but secretly studying to meet academic demand of school

Question 58

mirza; how do racist teachers treat black people

Answer 58

teachers discouraged black girls from choosing an aspirational career - advised against it

Question 59

mirza; what are the categories of teachers racism

Answer 59

- the colour blind - believe all students are equal but let racism go unchallenged -liberal chauvinists - believe blacks are culturally deprived - low expectations overt racists - blacks = inferior + actively discriminate

Question 60

sewell identifies 4 responses to racist stereotypes - the rebels

Answer 60

influential group, small minority, excluded rejects everything school stands for. black masculinity = virility

Question 61

sewell identifies 4 responses to racist stereotypes - the conformists

Answer 61

largest group, keen to succeed, accepted schools goals, anxious to avoid stereotyping

Question 62

sewell identifies 4 responses to racist stereotypes - the retreatists

Answer 62

isolated individuals, disconnected from both school and black subcultures, despised by the rebels

Question 63

sewell identifies 4 responses to racist stereotypes - the innovators

Answer 63

2nd largest pro-education but anti-school valued success, but not the approval of teachers

Question 64

how is labelling not the teachers fault but the education system

Answer 64

gillborn and youdell - league tables cause a A-C economy blacks are pushed to low streams/entered for low tier exams

Question 65

institutional racism definition

Answer 65

discrimination that is built into the way institutions such as schools and colleges

Question 66

what is the critical race theory

Answer 66

racism is an ingrained feature of society, does not involve intentional racism of an individual but also institutional racism

Question 67

founders of the black panther party in USA Charmichael and hamilton define institutional racism as

Answer 67

less overt, more subtle, less identifiable in terms of specific individuals committing the acts... it originates in the operation of established and respected forces in society

Question 68

gillborn s view of institutional racism

Answer 68

sees ethnic inequality as 'so deep rooted and so large that it is a practically inevitable feature of the education system

Question 69

gillborns argument of how marketisation causes inequality

Answer 69

negative stereotypes of ethnic minorities influence decisions of schools admissions

Question 70

support of gillborns view of marketisation causing inequality

Answer 70

Moore + Davenport American research selection procedures lead to ethnic segregation, minorities failing to get into good schools e.g application process difficult for non English speaking parents

Question 71

what is the ethnocentric curriculum

Answer 71

a curriculum that only entails 1 specific culture, the dominant MC white culture, including language, literature, music ,history

Question 72

a criticism of the ethnocentric curriculum - Ball

Answer 72

national curriculum ignored ethnic diversity e.g history recreates a mythical age of empire and past glories, but ignores history of black + asians

Question 73

a criticism of ethnocentric curriculum not being clear in the effect it has on ethnic minorities

Answer 73

while it ignores Asian culture, Asian pupils such as Chinese + Indian pupils as overachieving. stone argues blacks do not suffer from low self- esteem

Question 74

how do assessments cause underachievement in ethnic minorities - gillborn

Answer 74

gillborn - assessments are rigged, if blacks achieve as a group, they will be changed to cause failure e.g. baseline tests (2000)blacks overachieving by 20% switched to foundation stage profile (2003), this made blacks do worse

Question 75

how does the foundation stage profile cause underachievement

Answer 75

the foundation stage profile based on teachers judgements of baselines foundation stage profile now taken at end of reception whereas baseline in start of primary school

Question 76

how does gifted and talented programme cause gaps in achievement between ethnicities

Answer 76

in inner city schools created to meet needs of bright able students, gillborn points that official statistics show whites twice as likely than black Caribbean's and 5 times as likely than black Africans

Question 77

how do exam tiers cause underachievement between ethnicities

Answer 77

tikly et al 30 schools in aiming high initiative in raising blacks achievement =, blacks still more likely than whites to be entered for low tier exams. can get a grade C at best

Question 78

gillborn the effect of a teacher judging a studetns abilities and potential based on assessments and own stereotypes

Answer 78

tests only measure what a student knows in the present, not the future, not accurate. the new IQism teachers + policy makers make false assumptions

Question 79

rejection of the view that gillborn holds - institutional racism is major in affecting achievement

Answer 79

sewell ,argues racism is not powerful enough to prevent success, rather we need to focus on external factors e.g boys antischool subculture, nurturing role of the mother

Question 80

questions of how Indians and Chinese are overachieving, even though they are ethnic minorities. Gillborn's response :

Answer 80

-makes the system seem fair + meritocratic, they achieve because of opportunities -justifies failure of other minorities e.g blacks due to their unaspirational home culture -ignores the fact that Indians + Chinese still receive racism

Question 81

how does ethncity intersect with gender to affect achievement

Answer 81

connolly study of 5 + 6 yr olds black boys = disruptive underachievers --- punishment asian boys = passive, confomrist, feminine