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sociology A level - year 1 > gender differences in education > Flashcards

gender differences in education Flashcards

1
Q

upon starting school how are girls achieving more than boys

A

2013- assessments =, girls ahead between 7-17 percentage points, all aspects. girls better communication + concentrating

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2
Q

at key stages 1 to 3 evidence of girls achieving more

A

girls consistently

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3
Q

statistics of boys having statement of special needs

A

starting school, boys 2.5 times more likely to have statement of special education need

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4
Q

statistics of girls achieving more at GCSE

A

gender gap of 10 percentage points

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5
Q

statistics of girls achieving more at AS and A level

A

more likely pass, sit, higher grade. 2013 46.8% girls = A/B grade compared to 42.2% even at boy labelled subject

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6
Q

statistics of girls achieving more at vocational subject

A

more girls achieve distinctions even at construction where girls are a minority

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7
Q

what were aspirations of girls before feminism

A

Mc Robbie’s 1970 - study of magazines importance was marriage, not left on shelf, nowadays, importance of dominance + independence

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8
Q

impact of feminism on culture

A

girls no longer have aspirations of being a housewife, but to be career driven + independent

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9
Q

how does a change in family increase girls achievement

A
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10
Q

examples of changes in family structure

A
  • divorce increase
    -cohabitation increase
    -lone - parent family increase
    -smaller families
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11
Q

how does an increase in divorce rate make women more career driven

A

women must build independence in finance, as men are not needed for coping financially - qualifications

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12
Q

how do smaller families help women become more career driven + women childbearing later in age

A

less childbearing means that women are socialising children shorter so they can build their careers, careers can develop before kids - qualifications

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13
Q

how does an increase in lone- parent family increase women in employment

A

women must provide the role of the breadwinner and homemaker to provide money to children - qualifications

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14
Q

how does a change of location help women to have more modern values

A

away from traditional views of family - can hold a understanding view of current culture

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15
Q

Equal Pay Act - date? how does it make women more equal

A

1970 EPA - illegal to pay women than men for work of same value

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16
Q

Sex Discrimination Act - Date? what are statistical changes from 1975 in the pay gap

A

1975 - pay gap decreased from 30% to 15% still not equal

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17
Q

what is the proportion of women in work + dates

A

from 53% in 1971 to 63% in 2012

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18
Q

what were the differences of aspirations in interviews with girls (sociologist) from different timepoints

A

sharpe - interviews 1970s - 1990s
1974- education success = unfeminine + unattractive
1990s - career driven, independent men = useless

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19
Q

what is the trend towards individualisation in modern society (sociologist)

A

Beck + Beck- Gernsheim - independence valued. A career is part of women life project , it promises economic self-sufficiency

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20
Q

why was educational success part of girls identity (sociologist)

A

they are creators of own futures, so they need qualifications = meritocracy, individualised notion of self

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21
Q

why do some girls continue to have traditional views of the past + how its linked to class (sociologist)

A

Reay - limited aspirations reflect limited job opportunity they perceive available
- mothers may not work - gendered socialisation

22
Q

what may girls see as the only viable option for their futures (sociologist)

A

biggart. motherhood may be only viable option

23
Q

how does mainstream thinking affect policies + examples of policies

A

boys and girls are entitled to same opportunities = influences policies e.g GIST + WISE

24
Q

what is GIST and WISE and how do they influence girls

A

female scientists visit schools as role models, non-sexist career advice

25
Q

how did they introduction of the National Curriculum (date) cause girls reduce gender inequality

A

1988 - NC made girls + boys study same subject - compulsory

26
Q

who sees the change in policies giving an equal opportunity and why

A

Boaler sees it as improving inequality as education system is becoming more meritocratic - girls work harder

27
Q

how do positive role models in school cause girls to achieve

A

increase in female teachers + heads, shows girls women can be of position in power, to become teacher must have qualification

28
Q

how have the ways knowledge is assessed favoured girls and not boys (date of change)+ sociologist

A

Gorard - gender gap constant from 1975 until 1989, when coursework added

’

29
Q

sociologists that support of Gorard that coursework has caused girls to achieve more

A

mitsos + browne girls better because they’re conscientious + organised, manage deadlines

30
Q

how do oral exams cause girls to achieve better than boys

A

girls better communication - bedroom culture

31
Q

why do girls benefit from coursework

A

early socialisation, girls taught to be tidy, neat, patient

32
Q

a sociologist who criticises coursework being the reason in gap in achievement

A

elwood- coursework unlikely to be cause of gap, exams have bigger influence on grades

33
Q

sociologists who observed teacher-student interactions + findings

A

jane + french analysed classroom interactions
boys got more attention, attracted reprimands

34
Q

sociologist discovered pattern in teacher and boys interactions causing gap

A

although, boys got more attention, disciplined more harshly + felt picked on teachers - lower expectations

35
Q

what sociologist found difference in communication styles in classrooms

A

boys = dominating whole class discussion
girls =pair work + turn taking

36
Q

why may teachers teach boys more harshly based on their communication type

A

girls speech involves turn taking, not hostile interruptions of boys. girls = more cooperative so positive interacitons

37
Q

why may teachers teach boys more harshly based on their communication type

A

girls speech involves turn taking, not hostile interruptions of boys. girls = more cooperative so positive interactions

38
Q

sociologist arguing challenging of stereotypes increased achievement for girls

A

Weiner - since 1980s teachers challange stereotype = positive images of women ability

39
Q

sociologist arguing challenging of stereotypes increased achievement for girls + why

A

Weiner - since 1980s teachers challenge stereotype = positive images of women ability

40
Q

sociologist arguing introduction of league tables has improved opportunities for girls + how

A

Jackson - by cream-skimming girls are attractive to schools, whereas boys not. self fulfilling prophecy

41
Q

sociologist stating how selection negatively affects boys

A

slee - boys likely to suffer from behavioural difficulty and so are seen as liability to league tables to school 4xmore likely to be excluded

42
Q

what are liberal feminists views on the process of improvement + policies imporoving

A

good progress . further progress will be made by continuing development of equal opportunities in policies + overcoming stereotypes

43
Q

what are radical feminisms views on the process of improving policies + gaps

A

critical view. education system remains patriarchal
- sexual harassment exists in schools
- education limits girls subject choices
- male teachers more likely to have higher positions of power
- women ignored in curriculum e.g contribution to history

44
Q

looking at intersectionality - WC girls achieving less statistic

A

2012 only 40.6% girls eligible for free school meals achieved 5 A-C whereas 67.5% not on FSM got 5 A-C grades

45
Q

why may WC girls fail according to feminist Archer

A

conflict of WC identities + ethos of schools. Girls gained symbolic capital with feminine identity from peers but prevented gaining educational capital + economic capital

46
Q

why is having hyper-heterosexual feminine identities a problem for WC girls to gain qualifications

A

constructed glamorous feminine identity, symbolic capital from peers but conflict with school MC values. - jewellery, makeup. symbolic violence

47
Q

how do boyfriends affect educational achievement

A

boyfriends= gain symbolic capital but lowered aspirations, wanted to settle down + work feminine jobs

48
Q

what is the WC girls dilemma

A

balance between symbolic capital (conforming to peers) or educational capital (rejecting WC identity)

49
Q

sociologist study stating why WC girls want to achieve higher education

A

Evans - 21 WC girls, south London comprehensive schools, girls aspirated to go to HE, for their family not for themselves

50
Q

what sociologist calls WC girls identity as caring, supporting Evans study of why girls want to go to HE

A

Skeggs - WC girls see being caring as imp part of identity

51
Q

how is lack of economic capital a barrier to girls achieving in university

A

-debt
- cant move away, limits choice of university
-caring aspect- benefit in staying at home

sociology A level - year 1 (7 decks)

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