Ethnicity

Question 1

What does Patterson’s immigration model include?

Answer 1

Accommodation, integration, and assimilation.

Question 2

What does Park’s concept of interracial adjustment suggest?

Answer 2

Immigrant groups will adapt into society but will face competition and conflict first.

Question 3

What is the significance of race consciousness according to Park?

Answer 3

No race consciousness = no conflict.

Question 4

What contemporary example illustrates Park’s theory?

Answer 4

Brazilians (African and European living as one)

Question 5

What is Davis and Moore’s view on role allocation?

Answer 5

It allocates people to the right job based on functional uniqueness and meritocracy.

Question 6

What does Cox argue about racism and capitalism?

Answer 6

Racism developed through capitalism; without capitalism, racial prejudice may not exist.

Question 7

What is the ‘divide and rule’ concept by Castles and Kosack?

Answer 7

Immigrants are scapegoated to hide the problems of capitalism.

Question 8

What does Rex and Tomlinson’s evaluation highlight?

Answer 8

Not everyone experiences the assimilation process; ethnic minorities may face material disadvantage.

Question 9

What can marginalization and alienation lead to?

Answer 9

Frustration that can lead to riots.

Question 10

What does Barron and Norris’s dual labour market theory state?

Answer 10

Ethnic minorities are concentrated in the secondary labour market, facing racial discrimination.

Question 11

What is Park’s view on race and conflict?

Answer 11

If there is no race consciousness, there will be no conflict.

Question 12

What is the process described by Park regarding immigrants?

Answer 12

Immigrants will face conflict and competition initially but will eventually adapt to society.

Question 13

What did Miles (1989) suggest about ethnic minorities?

Answer 13

Ethnic minorities have set themselves apart from the White majority by celebrating their own cultural uniqueness and are treated differently by white society as culturally and socially different.

Question 14

What is Gilroy’s view on the representation of Black individuals in the UK?

Answer 14

Gilroy stated that ‘there ain’t no black in the Union Jack’ and noted that Blacks carry the scars of imperialist violence.

Question 15

What did Gilroy identify as a response to police harassment and discrimination?

Answer 15

In the 1980s, rioting was a response to an unfair and unjust system, including SUS laws.

Question 16

What myth did Reynolds (1997) discuss regarding African Caribbean women?

Answer 16

Reynolds discussed the myth of the black superwoman, suggesting that these women are seen as more successful than their male counterparts due to matrifocal culture, which overlooks their inequalities.

Question 17

What did Modood et al (1997) say about perceptions of Asian women?

Answer 17

They argued that perceptions of submissive Asian women are based on a misreading of their lives, often blamed on cultural traditions.

Question 18

What change did Dale et al (2002) observe in Bangladeshi and Pakistani women?

Answer 18

Dale et al noted a change across generations for Bangladeshi and Pakistani women.

Question 19

What intersectionality did Brewer (1993) highlight regarding black women?

Answer 19

Brewer highlighted that black women face discrimination due to their race, gender, and class.

Question 20

What example did Brewer use to illustrate adaptation challenges?

Answer 20

Brewer noted that having a distinctive racial hallmark makes it less likely to adapt into society, using black Americans in the USA as an example.

Question 21

What did Sewell (1997) say about black masculinity?

Answer 21

Sewell suggested that racialized class fractions can encourage black masculinity, leading to disadvantages such as glorifying gun culture and gangs.

Question 22

What was Dennis and Erdos’s perspective on family structure?

Answer 22

They blamed lawlessness and anti-social behavior among black people on high levels of lone parent families in African Caribbean families.

Question 23

What did Park suggest about interracial adjustment?

Answer 23

Park suggested that there needs to be an interracial adjustment and that immigrant groups will eventually adapt into society after facing competition and conflict.

Question 24

What was Marsland’s view on the welfare state and ethnic minorities?

Answer 24

Marsland argued that racism is not the problem; instead, ethnic minorities develop a culture of dependency due to the over-generous welfare state.

Question 25

What did Murray (1984) claim about benefits and self-sufficiency?

Answer 25

Murray claimed that benefits discourage black women and ethnic minorities from being self-sufficient.

Question 26

What is the relationship between different social inequalities?

Answer 26

Each inequality reinforces and multiplies.

Question 27

What did Mirza (1997) say about ethnic minority women and mainstream feminism?

Answer 27

Ethnic minority women have been neglected by mainstream feminism, which tends to stress 'sisterhood' without attention to ethnic differences.

Question 28

What was Murray's (1984) view on benefits and self-sufficiency?

Answer 28

Benefits discouraged self-sufficiency for many black youths and single mothers in the USA.

Question 29

What is a characteristic of the underclass according to Murray?

Answer 29

Crime is a characteristic of the underclass, including high illegitimate births and unemployment.

Question 30

What did Sewell (1997) identify as a consequence of the absence of a male role model?

Answer 30

Youth become more vulnerable to peer pressure and may be drawn into gangs.

Question 31

What impact do lone parent families have on educational attainment according to Dennis and Erdos?

Answer 31

Children raised by single mothers, particularly in Black Caribbean families, are more likely to have lower educational attainment.

Question 32

What did Marsland argue about ethnic minorities and welfare?

Answer 32

Ethnic minorities have a culture of dependency due to over generous welfare state benefits.

Question 33

What did Park suggest about race consciousness and conflict?

Answer 33

If there is little race consciousness, there will be a lack of conflict.

Question 34

What discrimination do black women face according to Brewer (1993)?

Answer 34

Black women face discrimination because they are black, women, and working class.

Question 35

What economic divisions did Murray ignore according to Brewer?

Answer 35

Murray ignores the economic divisions that have led to the creation of the underclass, such as prejudice and discrimination.

Question 36

What did Miles (1989) say about ethnic minorities and cultural uniqueness?

Answer 36

Ethnic minorities may set themselves apart from the white majority to celebrate 'cultural uniqueness' as a reaction to racism.

Question 37

What is Gilroy's view on black culture and anti-social behaviour?

Answer 37

Black culture and families are not to blame for anti-social behaviour; they are fighting back against unfair treatment.

Question 38

What did Modood et al (1997) suggest about welfare dependency?

Answer 38

Ethnic minorities become welfare dependent due to the threat of racism, which may deter them from seeking employment.

Question 39

What did Rex and Tomlinson (1979) study in Birmingham?

Answer 39

They found that ethnic minorities are likely to experience 'material disadvantage' which cuts them off from the white working class, forming a separate 'underclass'. ## Footnote This marginalization can lead to feelings of alienation and frustration, potentially resulting in riots.

Question 40

What is the dual labour market theory proposed by Barron and Norris (1979)?

Answer 40

It states that ethnic minorities are concentrated within the secondary labour market, which has less secure jobs, lower pay, and poor promotional prospects due to employer discrimination.

Question 41

What change did Dale et al. (2002) observe?

Answer 41

They noted a change across generations for Bangladeshi and Pakistani women.

Question 42

What is Patterson's immigration model (1965)?

Answer 42

It suggests that ethnic minorities must assimilate into society to be completely accepted by the rest of society.

Question 43

Who is the current richest person in Britain and what does this indicate?

Answer 43

Lakshmi Mittal is the current richest, indicating that there are many ethnic minorities in primary labour market positions. ## Footnote The Hindujas are also noted as Britain's wealthiest men.

Question 44

How does Brewer describe the situation for black women?

Answer 44

Brewer states that black women face discrimination due to their race, gender, and working-class status, necessitating an understanding of race, class, and gender as intersecting forces.

Question 45

What is the functional uniqueness theory by Davis and Moore?

Answer 45

It posits that rewards and merit are based on hard work, talent, and effort.

Question 46

What did Weber suggest about market situation and life chances?

Answer 46

Weber argued that some workers, particularly White British, have a better market situation which leads to superior life chances compared to ethnic minorities.

Question 47

What did Savage et al. find regarding status and class inequalities?

Answer 47

They found that ethnic minorities experience status and class inequalities, with Indians more likely to occupy professional roles, while Pakistanis and Bangladeshis are more likely to hold intermediate professions.

Question 48

What did Weber say about ethnic minorities and trade unions?

Answer 48

He stated that ethnic minorities are less likely to join trade unions, making them less likely to have their voices heard.

Question 49

What did Castle and Kosack argue about ethnic minorities?

Answer 49

They argued that ethnic minorities are scapegoated through a divide and rule tactic, which masks the inequalities of capitalism and results in their voices being unlikely to be heard.