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Sociology Tallu > Ethnicity & Crime - 4.5 > Flashcards

Ethnicity & Crime - 4.5 Flashcards

1
Q

3 Main Stats - Ethnicity & Criminalisation

A

> OS
Victim Surveys
Self-Report Studies

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2
Q

OS - Ethnicity & Criminalisation

A

> BAME overrep in CJS, despite being lowest % of pop

> Black 7x + likely to be stopped & searched, 5x + likely to be in prison

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3
Q

Victim Surveys - Ethnicity & Criminalisation

A

> Crime often intra-ethnic

> Ask ppl to identify ethnicity of person who done crime vs them

> e.g. for mugging, black + likely to be identified

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4
Q

Criticisms of Victim Surveys

A

> Over identify black & only look @ personal crimes

> Exclude under 16’s - BAME contain + proportion of young ppl

> No focus on WCC

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5
Q

Ethnicity & Criminalisation - Stats (KS)

A

> Graham & Bowling (SRS)

> Sharp & Budd (SRS)

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6
Q

SRS - Graham & Bowling

A

> B&W had = rates of offending, asians had - rates

> Goes vs stereotype of B + likely > W to offend

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7
Q

Sharp & Budd (SRS)

A

> Those from mixed ethnic origins + likely to self-report crimes

> e.g. more M of MEO claimed to use drugs vs less B&W

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8
Q

Conclusion on Stats for Ethnic Differences in Crime

A

Inconsistent, OS & VS shows + rates of offending by B, but SRS don’t

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9
Q

Examples of Racism in CJS (KS)

A

> Phillips and Browning (Policing)

> Holdaway - Canteen Culture (Police Racism)

> Bowling - Canteen Culture (Police Racism)

> Bowling & Phillips (Prosecution)

> Hood (Sentencing)

> Hudson & Bramall (Pre-Sentence Reports)

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10
Q

Examples of Racism in CJS

A 
> Policing
> Stop & Search
> Arrests & Cautions
> Prosecution 
> Trial
> Sentencing & Prison
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11
Q

Phillips and Browning - Policing

A

> EM are “over-policed & under protected & oppressed

> e.g. mass stop & search, surveillance etc.

> Fail 2 respond to racist violence

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12
Q

Criticisms of Phillips & Bowling

A

Targeting due 2 MP e.g. black muggers in 70’s based on actual criminality.

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13
Q

Stop & Search - Examples of Racism in CJS

A

> B + likely 2 be S&S > W, only need reasonable suspicion.

> But only few stops result in arrests, also + A due to Terrorism Act (2000)

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14
Q

Explanations for Patterns in Stop & Search

A

> Ethnic Diff in Offending
Police Racism
Demographic Factors

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15
Q

Holdaway - Canteen Culture (Police Racism)

A

PO, not racist themselves but when together can reinforce stereotypes then acted on duty.

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16
Q

Bowling - Canteen Culture (Police Racism)

A

> Among rank & file members, active racism in ppl making racist jokes

> Conducting police practices in racist way.

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17
Q

Macpherson Report - (Police Racism)

A

IR in police force in their handling of murder of Stephen Lawerence

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18
Q

Criticisms of Macpherson Report

A

> Recommendations implemented e.g. Racial Equality Scheme

> Recruiting + PO from EM - but crime rate 4 EM not -?

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19
Q

Ethnic Diff in Offending - Explanations for Patterns in Stop & Search

A

> Patterns due to fact some EM groups + likely to offend

> So police acting on relevant info about an offence e.g. LD stops & HD stops

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20
Q

Low Discretion Stops

A

PO act on intelligence e.g. description of offender

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21
Q

High Discretion Stops

A

PO act w/out intelligence so can use stereotypes, so discrimination + likely.

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22
Q

Demographic Factors - Explanations for Patterns in Stop & Search

A

> Young, unemployed, manual workers + likely to be stopped regardless of ethnicity

> Groups + prevalent among EM, so stopped more

23
Q

Arrests & Cautions - Examples of Racism in CJS

A

> A - likely > W 2 get caution, as EM + likely > W to deny offence

> & use right 4 legal advice - can’t get cautioned + likely 2 be charged instead

24
Q

Bowling & Phillips - Prosecution

A

> CPS + likely to drop cases vs EM > W

> Evidence given is often weaker & based on stereotypes of EM as criminals

25
Q

Trial - Examples of Racism in CJS

A

> EM + likely to use trial in CC > in magistrates due to mistrust of their impartiality

> But CC can give harsher sentences

26
Q

Convictions - Examples of Racism in CJS

A

> EM - likely to be found guilty, due to police/CPS discrimination police/CPS

Bring weaker cases vs EM, so thrown out by courts

27
Q

Sentencing - Examples of Racism in CJS

A

> Jail sentences given to + B offenders > W\A

> W\A + likely 2 get community sentences

> Due to diff in seriousness of offence/prior convictions.

28
Q

Hood - Sentencing

A

> Even if seriousness of offence & prior convictions are considered

> B men 5% + likely to get jail sentences longer > W men

29
Q

Hudson & Bramall - Pre-Sentence Reports

A

> Harsher sentences due 2 PSR written by probation officers, allows 4 discrimination

> Reports on A - comprehensive & - remorseful > W

> Bias due 2 demonising of muslims, due 2 9/11

30
Q

Prison - Examples of Racism in CJS

A

> B 5x + likely to be in prison > W & B&A usually serve + sentences

> EM - likely to be granted bail

31
Q

Explanations for Statistical Differences in Offending (KS)

A

> Lea & Young (Left Realism)

> Gilroy (NM, Myth of Black Criminality & EM crime as Political Resistance)

> Hall et al (Policing the Crisis)

> Fitzgerald (Neighbourhood Factors)

> Waddington et al (Locality Theory)

> Sharp & Budd (Getting Caught)

> Sewell (Triple Quandary)

32
Q

LR - Explanations for Statistical Differences in Offending

A

> B + CR due 2 alienation & marginalisation & RD

> Diff vs B&A S&S figures, implies police selective in racism - unlikely

> Racists unselective, so due 2 real diff in rd, marginalisation etc

33
Q

Criticisms of Left Realism

A

> Rates for A’s lower due to police stereotypes of B’S as aggressive & A as passive

> Stop & search for asians + est 9/11

34
Q

NM view on OS

A

Don’t reflect reality, social construction, stereotypes EM’s as more criminal

35
Q

Gilroy - Myth of Black Criminality - NM

A

> B not more criminal > other groups, but CJS act on racist stereotypes, so + likely to be criminalised

36
Q

Gilroy - EM crime as Political Resistance

A

> B in UK originate in former british colonies & anti-colonial struggles taught them to resist oppression e.g. riots & demonstrations

> When facing racism in UK, they used same means to defend themselves

> But political struggle was criminalised by state.

37
Q

Lea & Young - Criticisms of Gilroy

A

> But 1st gen immigrants were law-abiding, colonial struggle wasn’t passed down, most crime is intra-ethnic

> Romanticises crime as revolutionary, but it’s not

> A crime rates are - or = as W, seems police are only racist towards B & not A - not true

38
Q

Hall et al - Policing the Crisis (Capitalism causing crime & distraction)

A

> Eco recession in 70s + unemployment, led to civil unrest e.g. mass strikes

> So Capitalism appeared to be failing gov needed a scapegoat to divert attention away from this

> Recession leads to further eco marginalization of B youth leading to + in robbery

39
Q

Hall et al - Policing the Crisis (Role of Media)

A

> Led to new moral panic on robbery by media, done by B youth

> Response was to put police in areas w/ + CR lead to + arrests, causing more panic reported by media

> So attention is only on black criminality, not problems of capitalism, causing crime in 1st place

40
Q

Downes & Rock - Criticisms of Hall

A

> Contradictory, claims B crime is exaggerated, but also says it’s bound to rise due to unemployment

> If crime rates + it’s not moral panic but a real event

41
Q

General Criticisms of Hall

A

> Association w/ criminality & B youth continued est eco crisis of 70’s

> So unclear this is ultimate cause of moral panic

42
Q

Fitzgerald - Neighbourhood Factors

A

> Street robberies + in poor areas & when deprived young ppl come into contact w/ affluent groups

> Young B were + likely to live in poor areas, but poor W in these areas were also + likely to do street crime

> Ethnicities not a cause

43
Q

Waddington et al - Locality Theory

A

> Some areas + densely populated w/ EM explaining stop & search stats

> Also live in areas of transition, where CR are + due to lack of social cohesion

44
Q

Criticisms of Waddington et al

A

True for 1st gen immigrants but many EM move out of areas of transition after 1/2 gens & assimilate into majority culture.

45
Q

Sharp & Budd - Getting Caught

A

> B were + likely > W to be arrested, as they’d done crimes where V’s can identify them e.g. robbery

> & being + likely to be excluded from school & association w/crimianls raised visibility to police

46
Q

Triple Quandary - Sewell

A

> Young B boys usually live in LPF, so lack M role model, so join gangs

> Negative exp of white culture e.g. school & policing

> Media instils desire for status through designer clothing & hyper-masculinity based on violence & sex

47
Q

Criticisms of Sewell

A

>

  • of positive black role models

> No causality between LPF & criminality

48
Q

Racist Victimisation w/ example

A

> Individual selected as target, due to race, ethnicity or reg

> e.g. racist murder of Stephen Lawerence & Macpherson Report

49
Q

What 2 aspects do CSEW & Police Stats cover?

A

> Racist Incidents

> >Racially or Reg aggravated offences

50
Q

Racist Incidents

A

Incident perceived as racist by V

51
Q

Racially or Reg aggravated offences

A

e.g. Assault by someone motivated by hostility vs race/reg

52
Q

Extent & Risk of Victimisation

A

> Police recorded 54K racist incidents in UK in 2015, but much is underreported

> BCS estimates their were 89K, but only small NO of ppl are prosecuted

> EM @ + risk of being V’s of crime

53
Q

Reasons for Diff in Stats for Victimisation

A

> Also due to being young, M & unemployed

> If more of these ppl are in EM = + chance of victimisation

54
Q

Responses to Victimisation

A

> EM active in responding to victimisation

> e.g. fireproof doors, letterboxes, SD campaigns etc

> Due to under protection by police e.g. Lawerence case found evidence of incompetence, IR & failure of leadership

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