eukaryotes

Question 1

protoplasm

Answer 1

nucleus and cytoplasm combined

Question 2

function of cytoplasm

Answer 2

needed for every day chemical tasks

Question 3

function of nucleus

Answer 3

contains genetic info to produce chemicals for all cell make up

Question 4

functions of membranes inside the cell

Answer 4

localise enzymes in reaction pathways
-compartmentalise chemicals

Question 5

largest organelle

Answer 5

nucleus

Question 6

what is the nucleus surrounded by

Answer 6

double nuclear membrane with pores

Question 7

nuclear envelope

Answer 7

double nucleur membrane around nucleus that has pores

Question 8

function of nuclear pores

Answer 8

chemicals pass in and out of nucleus via pores so nucleus can control activity in cytoplasm

Question 9

2 main substances in nuclear envelope

Answer 9

DNA
RNA
proteins

Question 10

what happens when cell not actively dividing

Answer 10

DNA bonded to protein to for chromatin which looks like tiny granules

Question 11

nucleolus

Answer 11

extra dense area of almost only DNA and protein

Question 12

function of nucleolus

Answer 12

-production of ribosomes
-plays part in growth and division of cell

Question 13

what surround the mitochondria

Answer 13

an outer and inner membrane

Question 14

do mit have their own genetic material

Answer 14

oui

Question 14

cristae

Answer 14

inner membrane of mit folded

Question 14

fluid matrix

Answer 14

surrounds cristae

Question 15

function of cristae

Answer 15

gives mit more surface area for respiration

Question 15

how do scientists think mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved

Answer 15

as symbiotic eubacteria living outside cells

Question 16

endosymbiotic theory

Answer 16

evolution of eykaryote cells with organelles symbiotic to eukaryotes

Question 17

where are centrioles found

Answer 17

in a pair near the nucleus

Question 18

what are centrioles made of

Answer 18

a bundle of nine tubules

Question 19

function of centrioles

Answer 19

involved in cell division
-when cell divides centrioles pull apart to form spindle of microtubules that are involved in movement of chromosomes

Question 20

cytoskeleton

Answer 20

dynamic 3d web like structure that fills cytoplasm

Question 21

whats the cytoskeleton made of

Answer 21

microtubules and microfilaments

Question 22

what are microfilaments

Answer 22

protein fibres

Question 23

proteins in microfilaments

Answer 23

related to myosin and actin -contracile proteins in muscles

Question 24

what are microtubules made of

Answer 24

globular protein tubulin

Question 25

vacoules

Answer 25

-not permenant features in animal cells -many animals make food vacoules around prey

Question 26

contracile vacoules

Answer 26

important in simple animals that live in fresh water -allow water content of cytoplasm to be controlled

Question 27

endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 27

3d network of cavities bounded by membranes

Question 28

types of cavities in ER

Answer 28

some sac like and some tubular

Question 29

function of ER

Answer 29

links with other membranes around nucleus and makes up large part of transport system within cell and site of protein transport and synthesis

Question 30

what are ribosomes made from

Answer 30

ribosomal RNA and protein large and small subunits

Question 31

small and large part of 80S ribosomes

Answer 31

40S and 60S

Question 32

RER

Answer 32

covered with 80S ribosomes

Question 33

function of ribosomes/RER

Answer 33

make proteins and RER isolates and transports proteins once they are made

Question 34

exocytosis

Answer 34

when substances leave a cell

Question 35

features of RER

Answer 35

large surface area for synthesis of proteins and stores and transports them within and out of cell

Question 36

what is SER involved in

Answer 36

transport and synthesis of steroids and lipids

Question 37

whats the GA made of

Answer 37

stacks of parrallel flattened membrane pockets called cisternae

Question 38

how is cisternae formed

Answer 38

by vesicles from ER fusing together

Question 39

function of GA

Answer 39

-proteins brought to GA in vescicles -pinched of from RER where theyre made -vesicles fuse with membrane sacs of GA -protein enters GA stacks -

Question 40

what happens to proteins as they travel in the GA

Answer 40

modified in various ways

Question 41

lysosomes

Answer 41

digestive enzymes found in GA enclosed in vesicles to form lysosome organelle

Question 42

features of inner parts of GA

Answer 42

closer to RER -rich in protein modifying enzymes

Question 43

features of outer parts of GA

Answer 43

lots of finished protein

Question 44

receptor binding sites

Answer 44

area#s that need to be outside cell membrane -oriented by GA so when arriving at membrane inserted correctly

Question 45

lysosomes

Answer 45

dark spherical bodies in cytoplasm -mix of digestive enzymes

Question 46

function of lysosomes

Answer 46

attach to each other or membranes to break down contents in molecules to making them usefull

Question 47

apoptosis

Answer 47

lysosomes programmed self destruction