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biology topic 2 (cells and viruses) > mitosis > Flashcards

mitosis Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

asexual reproduction

A

production of genetically identical offspring from a single parent cell or organism growth both result of miotoic cell division

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2
Q

sexual reproduction

A

dependent on mitosis needs two parents genetically vary

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3
Q

what happens in mitosis

A

chromosomes of cell duplicated and genetic information equally shared out between two daughter cells that result

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4
Q

whats a chromosome

A

made up of a mass of coiled threads of dna and proteins

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5
Q

chromosomes of cell thats not actively dividing

A

chromosomes translucent to light and electrons so cant see them clearly

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6
Q

chromosomes of cells that are actively dividing

A

they condense become shorter and denser. they take up stain better and can see individual chromosomes

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7
Q

histones

A

positive charged basic protein

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8
Q

role of histones

A

help dna molecules condense to be packed closely and well

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9
Q

nucleosomes

A

when dna winds around histones to form dense cluster

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10
Q

what do nucleosomes do

A

interact to make more coiling and supercoiling to form dense chromosomes

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11
Q

feature of supercoiled part of chromosomes

A

genes not available to be copied to make proteins

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12
Q

karyotype

A

image showing all chromosomes in a cell

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13
Q

cell cycle

A

regulated process of stages in which cells divide into two genetically identical daughter cells

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14
Q

interphase

A

period of non division when cells increase in mass and size and carry out normal cellular activities and replicate dna ready for cell division

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15
Q

order of cell cycle

A

G1
S
G2
mitosis
cytokinesis

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16
Q

G1 first stage of interphase

A

time between end of previous mitosis and start of chromosome duplication
in active cells G1 very short but can be longer in other cells

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17
Q

S stage 2 of interphase

A

stage when chromosomes replicate and become double stranded chromatids ready for next cell division

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18
Q

G2 third stage of interphase

A

time when organelles and other materials needed for cell division are synthesised before cell can divide

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19
Q

M

A

mitosis when cells are actively dividing

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20
Q

C

A

cytokinesis final stage when cells can become new separate cells

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20
Q

how is cell cycle controlled

A

number of chemical signals made in response to different genes

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21
Q

cyclins

A

small proteins that are control chemicals that control the cell cycle

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22
Q

what do cyclins attach to

A

cyclin dependent kinase enzymes

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23
Q

role of cyclin dependent kinases

Study These Flashcards
A

formed phosphorylates changes shape of proteins to bring them to different stage of cell cycle

24
phosphorylation of chromatin
results in chromosomes becoming denser and phosphorykation of some proteins in nuclear membrane which leads to breaks down of nuclear membrane during cell division
25
examples of permenant cells
nerve cells light sensitive cells of retina cardiac cells
26
ATP in interphase
production of ATP stepped up to provide more energy needed as cells divide
27
order of cell cycle steps
interphase prophase metaphase anaphase telophase cytokinesis
28
steps in prophase
chromosomes coil up take up stain and visible each chromosome has two daughter chromatids and attached to each from centromere nucleolus breaks down and centrioles begin to pull apart to form spindle
29
centromere
point at which daughter chromatids join
30
process of metaphase
-nuclear membrane broken -centrioles moved to opposite sides of centre -forms set of microtubules = spindle -chromatids jost on metaphase plate of spindle -line up along plate -each centromere with microtubule
31
anaphase step
-centromeres split then chromatids separate -chromatids from different pairs to opposite side of cell -spindles move chromatids using ATP
32
structure of spindles
made up of overlapping microtubules that have contractile fibres contraction of overlapping fibres causes movement of chromatids
33
telophase of cell
-spindle fibres break down -nuclear envelopes form around two sets of chromosomes -nucleoli and centrioles re formed -chromosomes unravel -less dense and harder to see
34
cytokinesis in animal cells
-ring of contractile fibres tighten around center of cell -continue to contract until two cells separated
35
cytokinesis in plant cells
-cellulose cell wall building form inside cell outwards -two identical daughter cells formed enter interphase for next cycle
36
clones
genetically identical organisms
37
advantages of asexual reproduction
doesnt rely on finding mate -large number of offspring rapidly -
38
disadvantages of asexual reproduction
offspring genetically same- problem when living conditions change if virus comes
39
sporulation
production of asexual spores capable of growing into new individuals
40
where is sporulation most common in
fungi mosses ferns
41
features of asexual spores
can survive adverse conditions and can easily spread over large distances
42
regeneration
when organism replaces part of lost body part
43
fragmentation
when organisms reproduce themselves from fragments of their body
44
examples of asexual reproduction
fragmentation sporulation regeneration
45
budding
outgrowth from parent that produces smaller but identical individual produced purely by mitotic cell division
46
what happens to bud from budding
detached from parent organism and has own existence
47
vegetative reproduction
version of reproductive budding in flowering plants
48
process of vegetative propagation
plants forms structure that develops into fully differentiated new plant identical to parent plant
49
what happens to new plant in vegetative propagation
propagated into stem leaf or root of parent only by mitotic division
50
perennating organs
vegetative propogation involves perennating organs that contain food store for photosynthesis and remain dormant in soil to survive adverse conditions
51
how farmers increase plant numbers cheaply
removing new seeds from runners cutting bulbs of plants cutting up rhizomes
52
how farmers induce fragmentation artificially
take small piece of plant part of shoot often and plant it to grow and develop by mitosis into new plant
53
parthenogenesis
process by which unfertilised egg develops into new indivudual
54
3 parts of growth
cell division assimilation cell expansion
55
define growth
permenant increase in cell number or size or mass or all three
56
dry mass
mass of body of organism with all water removed from it
57
meristem
region of mitosis and growth in plant shoot or root
58

biology topic 2 (cells and viruses) (10 decks)

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