Eukaryotes Flashcards
(23 cards)
What distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells?
Eukaryotic cells have a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles; prokaryotic cells do not.
What are common features of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Plasma membrane, DNA, ribosomes, metabolic pathways, ATP production, and proteasomes.
What are unique features of eukaryotic cells?
Organelles like nucleus, mitochondria, ER, Golgi, lysosomes, and a cytoskeleton.
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
Processes and packages proteins, glycosylation, and sorting.
What is the function of mitochondria?
Site of respiration and ATP production, contains its own DNA.
What are lysosomes?
Organelles containing digestive enzymes for breaking down waste.
What is the cytoskeleton composed of?
Microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments.
What is the role of cilia and flagella in eukaryotes?
Motility and movement of substances; both are made of microtubules.
What is a fungus?
A eukaryotic, heterotrophic organism that absorbs nutrients and reproduces via spores.
What is a mycelium?
A network of fungal hyphae that forms the thallus of a fungus.
What are the major fungal phyla?
Chytridiomycota, Zygomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Glomeromycota.
What is the difference between septate and coenocytic hyphae?
Septate hyphae have cross-walls (septa); coenocytic hyphae do not.
What is the difference between anamorph and teleomorph?
Anamorph is the asexual stage; teleomorph is the sexual stage.
What are mycorrhizae?
Symbiotic associations between fungi and plant roots.
What are appressoria?
Specialized fungal structures used to penetrate host tissues.
What are protists?
Mostly unicellular eukaryotic organisms, including protozoa and algae.
What are the main groups of protozoa?
Ciliates, amoebas, flagellates, and sporozoa/apicomplexa.
What is a contractile vacuole?
Organelle used by freshwater protists to expel excess water.
What disease does Plasmodium cause?
Malaria.
What are oomycetes?
Fungal-like organisms in the kingdom Stramenopila; plant pathogens.
How do oomycetes differ from true fungi?
Oomycetes have cellulose in cell walls, diploid vegetative stage, and produce zoospores.
What is Phytophthora infestans?
Oomycete responsible for late potato blight and the Irish potato famine.
What are haustoria?
Specialized structures used by fungi or oomycetes to extract nutrients from host cells.
