Eukaryotic Animal Cells

Question 1

Name the function of the mitochondria.

Answer 1

Produce ATP
Aerobic respiration in the matrix.
Has a double membrane Cristae which fold to create a larger surface area for reactions.

Question 2

Name the function of the nucleolus

Answer 2

Where RNA (ribo-nucleic Acid) is produced.
Ribosynthesis.
No surrounding membrane.

Question 3

What is the name of the DNA in a eukaryotic cell?

Answer 3

Chromatin

Question 4

Name the function of the nuclear membrane.

Answer 4

Controls what enters and leaves the nucleus.

Question 5

Name the function of the nucleoplasm.

Answer 5

Contains DNA

Bulk of nucleus

Question 6

Name the function of the nuclear pores.

Answer 6

Contain holes which allow exchange of materials between the nurses and main cell ( such as RNA).

Question 7

Name the function of the Golgi Apparatus/ body.

Answer 7

This modifies materials sent from the ER into useful substances such as lysosomes and glycoproteins.
Lysosomes created here.
Have cisterns and vesicles.

Question 8

Name the function of the pinoclytic vesicles.

Answer 8

They release materials from the cell membrane into the extra cellular fluid.

Question 9

Name the function of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum.

Answer 9

The site of lipidsynthesis.

Controls the transportation of lipids and carbohydrates around the cell.

Question 10

Name the function of the Centrioles.

Answer 10

Move to opposite ends of the cell during Mitosis and Meiosis to help divide the DNA.

Question 11

Name the function of the Microtubules.

Answer 11

Help movement of substances around the cell.

Made up of 9 microtubule triplets.

Question 12

Name the function of the Cytoskeleton.

Answer 12

Cell structure

Question 13

Name the function of the Cytoplasm.

Answer 13

Site of chemical reactions.

Question 14

Name the function of the lysosomes.

Answer 14

Carry survival genes
Resistant to antibiotics
Hydrolyse cells
Have enzymes which Digest worn out organelles

Frequently found in phagocytic white blood cells.

Question 15

Name the function of the Ribosomes

Answer 15

Site of proteinsynthesis.
Have 2 sub units. The large attached to amino acids while the small attached to RNA.
80s for eukaryotic. 70s for prokaryotic.

Question 16

What does Hydrolyse mean ??

Answer 16

Splitting with water. Using water to break bonds.

Question 17

Name the function of the Golgi Vesicles.

Answer 17

Contain Carbohydrates which are modified into Glycoproteins by the Golgi body.

Question 18

Name the function of the cell membrane.

Answer 18

Control what moves in and out of the cell.
Embedded proteins.
Phospholipid bi-layer.
Fluid mosaic structure.

Question 19

Why are some cells ciliated ?? And where are these often found ??

Answer 19

In the small intestine - they increase the surface area for faster reaction time (maximum food absorption).

Question 20

What is autolysis ?

Answer 20

The destruction of cells or tissues by their own enzymes.

Question 21

Why are Mitochondria helpful in muscle cells ?

Answer 21

They provide ATP energy which allows contraction of the muscles.

Question 22

How do microvilli aid digestion ?

Answer 22

Create a larger surface area for maximum food absorption.

Question 23

What is an organelle ?

Answer 23

A specialised structure within any living cell.

Question 24

What organelle has cisterna?

Answer 24

Rough endoplasmic reticulum.

Question 25

In a drawing there appear to be a number of separate cisternae in the rough ER. However, the approximate value of cisternae =1. Why ??

Answer 25

Without electron microscopes, sections must be joined so cisternae are joined to each other outside the place of section.

Question 26

How are Mitochondria linked to production of protein ?

Answer 26

They produce ATP energy.

Question 27

Why is homogenate filtered before spinning ??

Answer 27

This separated out and debris, sand or whole cells which could interfere with results.

Question 28

Explain how microvilli help absorption of substances in the small intestine.

Answer 28

They increase the surface area for diffusion.

Question 29

The width of Mitochondria never varies. How is this helpful ??

Answer 29

Multiple can be closely packed to create a larger surface area to volume ratio and a shorter diffusion pathway.

Question 30

Why would the count of amino acids in the Rough ER decrease over time ??

Answer 30

The quantity of amino acids decreases as they are converted into proteins.

Question 31

Name the process where a vesicles is separated from the cell membrane.

Answer 31

Exocytosis.

Question 32

What is the link between the rough endoplasmic reticulum and enzyme-secreting cells from the salivary gland.

Answer 32

Enzymes are long chains of amino acids and are therefore secreted from the rough ER where protein-synthesis occurs.

Question 33

What is differentiation ?

Answer 33

Cells become specialised to carry out a specific function.

Question 34

Name 2 structures that are present in an epithelial cell from the small intestine but not in a cholera bacteria.

Answer 34

Microvilli, nucleus, rough ER, Mitochondria.

Question 35

Why are Mitochondria found in cells which use active uptake.

Answer 35

They produce ATP energy which is needed for active transport.