Eukaryotic cells Flashcards
(31 cards)
What are Eukaryotic cells?
Cells that’s genetic material is in a nucleus and contain membrane bound organelle
Describe the structure of the nucleus?
- contains genetic info in chromosomes
- contains a nucleolus
- surrounded by nuclear envelope (double membrane) containing pores
Describe the function of the nucleus?
- control cell’s activity = using DNA with instructions to produce proteins
- ribosome synthesis = nucleolus makes ribosomal RNA
- nucleus/cytoplasm exchange = substances can enter or leave nucleus via nuclear pores
Describe the structure of the cell-surface membrane?
- found on animal cell surface
- mainly made up off lipids and proteins
- also called plasma membrane
Describe the function of the cell-surface membrane?
- controls substance movement = membrane is partially permeable
- cell signalling = receptors can detect signals from other cells
Describe the structure of a mitochondria?
- contain an enzyme-rich liquid known as the matrix
- contain own DNA and ribosomes
- surrounded by double membrane (inner membrane is folded to form cristae)
Describe the function of a mitochondria?
Site of aerobic respiration which produces ATP
Describe the structure of a ribosome?
- made up of proteins and rRNA
- consist of a large and a small subunit
- not surrounded by membrane
Describe the function of a ribosome?
Site of protein synthesis where there involved in the process of translation
Describe the structure of a Golgi apparatus?
- contains fluid-filled membrane-bound sacs (cisternae)
- contain smaller vesicles
Describe the function of a Golgi apparatus?
- process/package lipids + proteins = carried out by cisternae
- store/transport lipids + proteins = carried out by vesicles
- lysosomes synthesis = by specialised vesicles
Describe the structure of the RER?
- contains network of membranes enclosing fluid-filled space (cisternae)
- surface is covered with ribosomes
Describe the function of the RER?
Synthesis and transport of proteins made using the ribosomes
What is the structure of the SER?
Contains network of membranes enclosing fluid-filled space (cisternae)
What is the function of the SER?
Synthesis, storage and transport of lipids and carbohydrates (e.g cholesterol + steroid hormones)
What is the structure of lysosomes?
- contain hydrolytic enzymes
- surrounded by membrane to keep enzymes separate from the cell cytoplasm
What is the function of lysosomes?
- digest pathogens = uses enzymes
- break down waste = material includes old organelles + cells
What is the function of the cytoskeleton and what are it’s 3 main elements?
present throughout cytoplasm and provides structure and support to the cell
- microfilaments
- microtubules
- intermediate filaments
What are microfilaments and what is their function?
Made of the actin protein
involved in cell movement and locomotion (e.g muscle contraction)
What are microtubules and what is their function?
Made of the protein tubulin forming a scaffold-like structure through cell
- form main component of mitotic spindle used for cell division
- act as tracks for intracellular transport of vesicles/organelles
What are intermediate filaments and what is their function?
Maintain position of organelles within cell
responsible for mechanical strength of certain tissues (e.g skin and hair)
What additional organelles do plant cells contain?
- cell wall
- permanent vacuole
- chloroplast
What is the structure of a cell wall?
- surrounds plant cells to provide a rigid structure
- made up of cellulose
- contains gaps known as plasmodesmata
What is the function of a cell wall?
- cell support = cell contents press against cell wall to make it rigid
- prevents cell bursting = cell wall can withstand high osmotic pressure
- substances exchange between cells = plasmodesmata connects cells
