Eukaryotic Cells and organelles 2A

Question 1

What is a eukaryotic cell

Answer 1

Complex cells, and include all animal and plant cells as well as all cells in algae and fungi

Question 2

Structure and function of cell surface (plasma membrane)

Answer 2

Made from mainly proteins and lipids
Regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cells. Has receptor molecules on the surface which allow it to respond to chemicals like hormones

Question 3

Structure and function of the nucleus

Answer 3

Large organelle surrounded by a nuclear envelope which contains nuclear pores. Nucleus contains chromosomes - made from linear bound DNA also contains a nucleolus
Nucleus controls cell activities, DNA controls instructions to make proteins. The pores allow substances to move between the nucleus and the cytoplasm
The nucleolus makes ribosomes

Question 4

Structure and function of the mitochondrion

Answer 4

Have a double membrane inner membrane folded to form cristae. Inside is the matrix which contains enzymes involved in respiration
The site of aerobic respiration where ATP is produced.

Question 5

Structure and function of the chloroplast

Answer 5

Small, flattened structure found in plants and algal cells. Surrounded by a double membrane and also has membranes inside called thylakoid membranes, these membranes are stacked up in some parts of the chloroplast to form grana. Grana are linked together by lamellae - thin flat pieces of thylakoid membrane
Site of photosynthesis. Some parts happen in the grana and other parts happen in the stroma (a thick fluid found in chloroplasts)

Question 6

Structure and function of the Golgi apparatus

Answer 6

A group of fluid of fluid filled flattened sacs. Vesicles are often found at the edge
Processes and packages new lipids and proteins, makes lysozymes

Question 7

Structure and function of the Golgi vesicles

Answer 7

Small fluid filled sac found in the cytoplasm, surrounded by a membrane and produced by the Golgi apparatus. Stores lipids and proteins made by the Golgi apparatus and transports them out of the cell

Question 8

Structure and function of the lysozyme

Answer 8

Round organelle surrounded by a membrane with no clear internal structure - a type of Golgi vesicle
Contains lysozymes kept separate from the cytoplasm by the surrounding membrane, can be used to digest invading cells or to break down worn parts of the cell

Question 9

Structure and function of ribosomes

Answer 9

Very small organelle either free floating or attached to rough ER. Made of proteins and RNA not surrounded by a membrane. Site of protein synthesis

Question 10

Structure and function of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 10

A system of membranes enclosing a fluid filled space, the surface is covered with ribosomes. Folds and processes proteins made at the ribosomes

Question 11

Structure and function of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 11

Similar to rough ER but not covered with ribosomes, synthesises and processes lipids

Question 12

Structure and function of the Cell Wall

Answer 12

Rigid structure, made from cellulose in plants and algae, but made from chitin in fungi. Supports cells and prevents them changing shape

Question 13

Structure and function of the Cell Vacuole

Answer 13

Membrane bound organelle found in the cytoplasm of plant cells. Contains cell sap - a weak solution of sugar and salts. Surrounding membrane is called the tonoplast
Helps maintain pressure inside the cell and keep it rigid, stops cells wilting. Also involved in isolation of unwanted chemicals inside cells