Eukaryotic Cells (Eukaryotic Pathogens)

Question 1

Define Hapha (singular)/ Haphae (plural)

Answer 1

-long filaments on cells in a mold

Question 2

What is the function of a hapha?

Answer 2

-Releases digestive enzymes to digest their surroundings and absorb nutrients by diffusion

Question 3

What are the most common Fungi that can aspergillosis (2)?

Answer 3

Most common:

• Aspergillus Fumigatus
• A. Flavin

Rare:
-A. Terreus

Question 4

Locations/work that increase the opportunity to infect immunocompetent people with Aspergillosis

Answer 4

-construction, agriculture, hospital renovation (repeated exposure everyday)

Question 5

Aspergillosis may go systemic (invasive) in what kind of patient?

Answer 5

-immunocompromised patient

Question 6

How is aspergillosis commonly transmitted?

What are the common locations of contraction?

Answer 6

• inhalation of spores

- Construction, agriculture, hospital renovation

Question 7

What is used to treat Aspergillosis?

Answer 7

-antifungal medications

Question 8

Pre existing medical conditions that increase opportunity to infect immunocompetant people with Aspergillosis

Answer 8

• asthma

- cystic fibrosis

Question 9

What is the case fatality rate of systemic aspergillosis in Immunocompromised Patients?

Answer 9

40-75%

Question 10

Explain how Aspergillosis can be fatal to a patient with HIV?

Answer 10

1) The mold invades body becoming systemic
2) Gets into the bloodstream
3) Damages deep layers of skin
4) Gets into the bone, brain, and nervous system

Question 11

How can Aspergillosis be dangerous in a hospital environment?

Answer 11

• molds can grow in the walls of a hospital, and is not revealed until renovation
• renovation can spread the spores in the air of the hospital
• hospital is filled with immunocompromised patients, and spreading the spores is dangerous

Question 12

What are the species that cause intestinal Amebiasis?

Answer 12

• Entamoeba Hitolytica
• E. Diaper
• E. Moshkovskii

Question 13

What is the ratio and percentage of symptomatic vs asymptomatic infections of Amebiasis?

Answer 13

• 1:5

- 20% symptomatic, 80& asymptomatic

Question 14

How does Amebiasis present itself under a symptomatic infection?

Answer 14

• Diarrhea; can be bloody (dysentery)=amoebic dysentery (extreme case)
• Rare:liver abscesses,lung/heart abscesses

Question 15

Greatest risk for contracting amebiasis worldwide vs US

Answer 15

-Countries with poor water treatment systems

-US: less common; community transmission through fecal-oral transmission
Risk group: men who have sex with men

Question 16

How is amebiasis transmitted?

Answer 16

• fecal oral transmission

- parasite only loves in humans and is passes in the feces of an infected person

Question 17

How is amebiasis prevented?

Answer 17

-Public health measures:

Water treatment

Cook food thoroughly

Wash hands frequently

Use of appropriate barriers during 	sexual contact

Question 18

How is amebiasis treated?

Answer 18

-antiprotozoal medications

Question 19

What are the characteristics of a entamoeba cyst

Answer 19

• (most infectious form)
• dormant/ no phagocytosis
• does not eat RBC/ not getting nutrients
• does not reproduce
• durable:resistant to dehydration

Question 20

What are the characteristics of a Trophozoite?

Answer 20

• performs phagocytosis
• reproduces
• found in intestines, liver, heart, lungs

Question 21

What is the most common worm infection (enterobiasis) in the US?

Answer 21

-Enterobius Vermicularis (Pinworm)

Question 22

What is the ratio of people infected with enterobius vermicularis in the US

Answer 22

-1/8 people; 40 million

Question 23

Who are the most common people infected with Enterobius Vermicularis

Answer 23

-preschool and school aged children

Question 24

What are the signs/symptoms of enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)?

Answer 24

• usually asymptomatic
• can cause itchiness of the anus
• Rare cases: anorexia, abdominal pain, disrupted sleep

Question 25

What is a granuloma?

Answer 25

-formed when immune cells clump together and create tiny nodules at the site of infection or inflammation

Question 26

How is enterobius vermicularis transmitted?

Answer 26

-fecal-oral transmission, usually through objects contaminated with E. Vermicularis ova/fecal matter

Question 27

What are the different ways to diagnose Enterobius Vermicularis?

Answer 27

1) directly observe the anus of a child about 1-2 hours after they fall asleep 2) Preferred: to take a specimen in the morning using some adhesive tape and observing through a microscope

Question 28

Describe the life cycle of Enterobius Vermicularis

Answer 28

1) Human injects pinworm eggs 2) in the small intestine, larvae hatch and grow (after 30 days) 3) female worms migrate to the anus, where they release their eggs (worms live 60 days) 4) scratching of irritated anus promotes egg transmission to new host

Question 29

How is enterobius vermicularis treated?

Answer 29

-antihelminthic medications

Question 30

What are the 2 different types of tapeworms?

Answer 30

- Tania Solium = Pork tapeworm | - T. Saginata = beef tapeworm

Question 31

How does one get infected with Taeniasis (tapeworm)?

Answer 31

-eating undercooked pork/beef containing cysticerci (encysted worms in muscle tissue)

Question 32

Describe the structure of a Taenia Tapeworm

Answer 32

- usually 5m long, but can grow up to 25m (can cause bowel obstruction) - Scolex: head of tape worm, embeds in the intestinal wall - proglottid: repeating segments that make up the majority of the tapeworm. Each one is full of reproductive organs (makes ova and sperm)

Question 33

Explain what happens to the proglottids at the tail end of the tapeworm

Answer 33

-proglottids either disintegrate and release their fertilized eggs, or the entire proglottis just detaches and then the eggs and or proglottids are released in the fecal matter

Question 34

What are the symptoms of Taeniasis (tapeworm)?

Answer 34

- usually asymptomatic - when present: abdominal pain, loss of appetite, weight loss, upset stomach - proglottids visible in feces

Question 35

How can one contract cysticercosis?

Answer 35

- Consumption of embryonic eggs in contaminated food or by autoinfection. - the embryonic eggs hatch, release oncospheres, which can migrate to the muscle and or other tissues forming cysticerci.

Question 36

What can help prevent the growth of cysticerci? What is the disadvantage of this treatment?

Answer 36

-using antihelminthic medications; | may worsen symptoms due to immune response (steroids fighting inflammation)