Eukaryotic Cells Immune System

Question 1

List the different types of Eukaryotic Microbe groups (4)

Answer 1

• protozoans (chemoheterotrophs)
• Fungi (chemoheterotrophs)
• Algae
• Animals

Question 2

What are the characteristics of a Protozoan?

Answer 2

• some have animal-like qualities
• no photosynthesis
• motile
• unicellular
• asexual and sexual reproduction

Question 3

List some examples of a Protozoan microbe

Answer 3

• amoeba
• Geordia
• trapendazomes

Question 4

What are the characteristics of Fungi?

Answer 4

• single-celled=yeast, multicellular=mold
• cell walls contain chitin, mannans, toucans
• release enzymes to digest molecules outside cells, then absorb digestion products
• some are pathogenic

Question 5

What are the characteristics of Algae?

Answer 5

• almost none can infect
• photosynthetic
• some are toxigenic
• algae death causes O2 depletion

Question 6

What are the characteristics of Animal microbes?

Answer 6

-no cell walls

Question 7

List the different types of animal Microbes and their subgroups

Answer 7

• Helminths: roundworms, flatworms
• Vectors: mosquitos, fleas, ticks, lice, flies

Hosts:humans, pets and livestock, immune system cells

Question 8

What are the characteristics of Eukaryotic cells?

Answer 8

• have compartments with specialized functions
• have a nucleus:holds DNA/chromosomes, regulate gene expression
• have an extensive cytoskeleton

Question 9

What are vectors (animal microbe)?

What are some examples?

Answer 9

• inverterbrates that transmit microbes

- mosquitos, fleas, ticks, lice, flies

Question 10

What is a zoonotic pathogen?

Answer 10

-pathogens transmitted through animals and humans

Question 11

What is the function of the Nucleus?

Answer 11

• helps regulate gene expression (coding genes -> build proteins)
• holds DNA/ chromosomes

Question 12

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

Answer 12

• protein fibers that organize, and allow the movement of organelles or the entire cell
• anchors organelles inside cells

Question 13

What are the 3 networks of fibers in the cytoskeleton?

Answer 13

1) Actin microfilaments
2) Microtubules
3) intermediate filaments

Question 14

What is the function of transport proteins?

Answer 14

-move solutes (nutrients, water, ions) across membranes

Question 15

Which region of transport system in the small intestines is dysregulated if one would experience watery diarrhea?
Why?

Answer 15

• overregulation of the crypts

- crypts are actively secreting electrolytes leading to water secreting

Question 16

What are MHC-1 proteins? Where is it located?

Answer 16

• cell recognition proteins; display antigens for recognition by T-Lymphocytes (T cells)
• on the source of all nucleated cells

Question 17

What 2 molecules on bacterial cells are distinguished by the the Immune system?

Answer 17

• Lipopolysaccharides

- Lipoteichoic acids

Question 18

Which 2 receptors on white blood cells recognize the LPS and lipoteichoic acid on bacterial cells?

Answer 18

• CD 14

- TLR 2

Question 19

What are anchoring proteins?

Answer 19

-attach cells to each other and to the extracellular matrix to provide mechanical strength to a tissue

Question 20

Name some examples of Anchoring proteins (2) and describe their function?

Answer 20

• hemidesmosomes: anchor epithelial tissue to basement membrane
• desmosomes: anchor epithelial cells to each other

Question 21

Enzymes that digest anchoring proteins (desmosomes, hemidesmosomes) can cause what kind of effects to the body?

Answer 21

-dry and scaly skin

Question 22

What are the functions of tight junction proteins?

Answer 22

-prevent water from diffusing past cells through the spaces between them

Question 23

Pathogens disrupting the tight junctions in the intestine can cause what effects to the body?

Answer 23

• diarrhea

- organ failure

Question 24

What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus?

Answer 24

-sorts/ modifies proteins and sends them to correct destination

Question 25

Where are the nuclear pores found and what is its function?

Answer 25

- are the gates in the envelope of the nucleus | - provides a way out for the mRNA

Question 26

What is an antigen?

Answer 26

-molecule that is recognized as foreign by a lymphocyte (WBC)

Question 27

Protein X is secreted by a eukaryotic cell. Starting with the mRNA for protein X, describe the steps in its synthesis and secretion

Answer 27

1) mRNA becomes attached to a ribosome 2) ribosome then discovers if the mRNA is destined to be a protein that will be secreted or if it will be a protein destined for the ER 3) Translation begins depending on what kind of protein it will be 4) It will stay in the cytosol while translation or it will translate on the RER if its meant for secretion or plasma membrane 5) Golgi apparatus will lastly sort and transport the protein to be secreted

Question 28

Protein W is found in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell. Starting with the mRNA for protein W, describe the steps in its synthesis

Answer 28

1) mRNA us recognized by a ribosome floating in the cytoplasm. 2) Ribosome determines that the mRNA codes for a protein meant to stay in the cytosol so the ribosome continues to translate the protein in the cytosol

Question 29

Which types of pathogens are detected with the help of MHC-1?

Answer 29

-intracellular pathogens

Question 30

What do cytotoxic (CD8) T cells do?

Answer 30

-recognize foreign peptides presented on MHC-1 and it will trigger apoptosis (cell death)

Question 31

What do natural killer cells do?

Answer 31

- Natural killer cells can kill cells by triggering apoptosis - are part of the innate immune response

Question 32

Are natural killer cells redundant to CD8 T cells or are they complementary?

Answer 32

-not redundant to CD8 T cells because if the cell no longer expresses MHC-1 proteins on the surface, then natural killer cells will destroy them

Question 33

Define/describe apoptosis

Answer 33

-programmed cell death, where the cell will destroy itself

Question 34

Which type of human cell secretes antibodies?

Answer 34

-plasma cells

Question 35

What are 2 other names for antibodies?

Answer 35

- gamma globulin | - immunoglobulin

Question 36

What is an Fc receptor? What does it do?

Answer 36

-Fc is a region of an antibody molecule that reacts with complement or binds to the surface of cells such as macrophages

Question 37

How do capsules delay recognition of bacterial cells by the immune system?

Answer 37

- hides bacterial cell from WBCs | - WBC does not detect the capsule as foreign