Eukaryotic Diversity Flashcards
(90 cards)
1
Q
Define mycology
A
The study of fungi
2
Q
What are the characteristics of fungi?
A
Chemoheterotrophs (decompose organic matter), aerobic or facultative anaerobic, sterols present in cell membrane, cell walls made of glucans, mannans, or chitin (no peptidoglycan), sexual and asexual reproductive spores.
3
Q
Describe the basic structure of fungi
A
Body of the fungi is the thallus, consists of hyphae filaments; a mass of hyphae is a mycelium
4
Q
Fungi structure-Septate hyphae
A
Contain crosswalls
5
Q
Fungi structure- Coenocytic hyphae
A
Do not contain septa
6
Q
Fungi structure- Vegetative hyphae
A
Obtain nutrients while aerial hyphae are involved with reproduction
7
Q
Yeasts
A
non filamentous and unicellular
8
Q
Budding yeasts
A
Divide unevenly
9
Q
Fission yeasts
A
Divide evenly
10
Q
Dimorphic fungi
A
Yeast-like at 37 degrees celcius and mold-like at 25 degrees celcius
11
Q
Asexual apores
A
produced via mitosis and cell division
12
Q
Conidiospore (asexual spore)
A
Not enclosed in a sac
13
Q
Arthroconidia (asexual spore)
A
Fragmentation of septate hyphae
14
Q
Blastconidia (asexual spore)
A
Buds of the parent cell
15
Q
Chlamydoconidium (asexual spore)
A
Spore within a hyphal segment
16
Q
Sporangiospore (asexual spore)
A
Enclosed in a sac
17
Q
Sexual spores
A
Fusion of nuclei from two opposite mating strains, Three phases of sexual reproduction-Plasmogamy, Karyogamy, and Meiosis
18
Q
Plasmogamy (sexual reproduction phase 1)
A
Haploid donor cell nucleus (+) penetrates cytoplasm of recipient cell (-) forming ZYGOSPORANGIUM
19
Q
Karyogamy (sexual reproduction phase 2)
A
(+) and (-) nuclei fuse and form diploid zygote
20
Q
Meiosis (sexual reproduction phase 3)
A
Diploid nucleus produces haploid nuclei (sexual spores)
21
Q
Nutritional adaptations of fungi
A
Grow better at pH of 5, grow in high sugar and salt concentration; resistant to osmotic pressure, can grow in low moisture content, and can metabolize complex carbohydrates
22
Q
Zygomycota
A
Conjugation fungi, coenocytic hyphae, produced asexually (sporangiospore), produced sexually (zygospore), can cause Mucor (necrotizing infections in humans)
23
Q
Conjugation fungi, coenocytic hyphae, produced asexually (sporangiospore), produced sexually (zygospore), can cause Mucor (necrotizing infections in humans)
A
Zygomycota
24
Q
Microsporidia
A
No sexual reproduction is observed but probably occurs in host, no mitochondria, obligate intracellular parasite, Enterocystozoan bieneusi (diarrhea, cholecystitis)
25
No sexual reproduction is observed but probably occurs in host, no mitochondria, obligate intracellular parasite, Enterocystozoan bieneusi (diarrhea, cholecystitis)
Microsporidia
26
Ascomycota
Sac fungi, septate hyphae; Teleomorphic (produce asexual and sexual spores), some are anamorphic (lost ability to sexually reproduce), Produced asexually via conidiospores and sexually via ascospore, Aspergillus flavus/ candida albicans
27
Ascospore (sexual spore)
Nuclei fuse in a saclike ascus
28
Sac fungi, septate hyphae; Teleomorphic (produce asexual and sexual spores), some are anamorphic (lost ability to sexually reproduce), Produced asexually via conidiospores and sexually via ascospore, Aspergillus flavus/ candida albicans
Ascomycota
29
Basidiomycota
Club fungi, septate hyphae, produced asexually via conidiospores and sexually via basidiospores, Cryptococcus neoformans
30
Basidiospores (sexual spore)
Formed externally on a base pedestal called basidium
31
Club fungi, septate hyphae, produced asexually via conidiospores and sexually via basidiospores, Cryptococcus neoformans
Basidiomycota
32
Mycosis
Fungal infection
33
Systemic mycoses (fungal disease)
Affect internal organs
34
Subcutaneous mycoses (fungal disease)
Beneath the skin
35
Cutaneous mycoses (fungal disease)
Affect hair, skin, and nails
36
Superficial mycoses (fungal disease)
Localized (e.g. hair shafts)
37
Opportunistic mycoses (fungal disease)
Fungi harmless in normal habitat but pathogenic in compromised host
38
What are some of the economic benefits of fungi?
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (bakers/brewers yeast) bread, wine, hepatits B vaccine; Trichoderma (cellulase); Taxomyces (Taxol); Entomophaga (Biocontrol of insects); Coniothyrium minitans (kills fungi on crops); Paecilomyces (kills termites)
39
Lichens?
Mutualistic combination of a green alga (or cyanobacterium) and fungus
40
Lichen-Crustose
Encrusted on the substration (surface)
41
Lichen- Foliose
Leaf-like
42
Lichen- Fruticose
Finger-like
43
What is the basic structure of a lichen?
Medulla (hyphae grown around algal cells), Rhizines or holdfasts (hyphae projections below the body), and cortex (protective coating over the algal layer.
44
What does the alga in lichens produce?
Produces and secretes carbohydrates
45
What does the fungus provide in lichens?
Holdfast (root-like structure)
46
What are some economic benefits of lichens?
dyes, antimicrobial (Usnea), litmus (orchils), food for herbivores
47
What are the basic characteristics of algae?
Not a taxonomic group, unicellular or filamentous photoautotrophs; Mostly aquatic (water is necessary for growth and reproduction); Locations depend on nutrient availability, wavelengths of light, and surfaces to attach.
48
Describe the basic structure of algae
Lack roots, stems, and leaves; Thallus (body of multicellular algae consists of holdfasts, stipes, and blades)
49
Brown algae (kelp)
Cellulose and alginic acid cell walls, multicellular and macroscopic, produce ALGIN (a thickener used in foods), not pathogenic
50
Cellulose and alginic acid cell walls, multicellular and macroscopic, produce ALGIN (a thickener used in foods), not pathogenic
Brown algae (kelp)
51
Red algae
Have branched thalli, most are multicellular, harvested for agar and carrageenan, some produce a lethal toxin
52
Have branched thalli, most are multicellular, harvested for agar and carrageenan, some produce a lethal toxin
Red algae
53
Green algae
Cellulose cell walls, unicellular or multicellular, chlorophyll a and b, store starch, gave rise to terrestrial plants
54
Cellulose cell walls, unicellular or multicellular, chlorophyll a and b, store starch, gave rise to terrestrial plants
Green algae
55
Diatoms
Pectin and silica cell walls, unicellular or filamentous, store oil, produce domoic acid (neurological disease)
56
Pectin and silica cell walls, unicellular or filamentous, store oil, produce domoic acid (neurological disease)
Diatoms
57
Dinoflagellates
Cellulose in plasma membrane, unicellular, neurotoxins (saxitoxins) cause paralytic shellfish poisoning
58
Oomycota (water molds)
Cellulose cell walls, chemoheterotrophic, produce zoospores, decomposers and plant parasites (Phytophthora infestans was responsible for Irish potato blight)
59
Cellulose in plasma membrane, unicellular, neurotoxins (saxitoxins) cause paralytic shellfish poisoning
Dinoflagellates
60
Cellulose cell walls, chemoheterotrophic, produce zoospores, decomposers and plant parasites (Phytophthora infestans was responsible for Irish potato blight)
Oomycota
61
Describe the environmental roles of algae
Fix CO2 into organic molecules, produce 80% of Earth's O2, oil production, symbionts of animals, algal blooms are increase in plantonic algae that can result in toxin release or die and consume oxygen
62
Describe the basic characteristics of protozoa
Unicellular eukaryotes, inhabit water and soil, animal-like nutrition, complex life cycles, feeding and growing form is trophozoite, asexual reproduction by fission, budding, or schizogony (multiple fission), sexual reproduction via conjugation, some produce a cyst to survive adverse conditions, require large supply of water, many have an outer protective pellicle requiring specialized structure to take in food (ciliates wave cilia toward mouthlike cytosome), amoebae phagocytize food, food is digested in vacuoles and wastes eliminated through an anal pore
63
Trophozoite
Feeding and growing form of protozoa
64
Schizogony
Multiple fission
65
What do some protozoa produce to survive adverse conditions?
Cysts
66
Excavata-Diplomonads
No mitochondria; multiple flagella, Giardia lamblia (giardiasis)
67
Excavata- Parabasalids
No mitochondria; undulating membrane; no cyst stage, Trichomona vaginales (vaginitis)
68
Excavata-Euglenozoa
Photoautotrophs of facultative chemotrophs, Hemoflagellates (transmitted by bites of blood feeding insects), Trpanosoma brucei (African sleeping sickness/ no cyst stage), T. cruzi (chagas disease/ no cyst stage)
69
Amoebae
Move by extending pseudopods, Entamoeba histolytica (amoebic dysentery), Acanthamoeba (cause blindness/infects corneas), Balamuthia (granulomatous amoebic encephalitis)
70
Apicomplexa
Non motile, obligate intracellular parasites, complex life cycles, most form cysts, Toxoplasma gondii (transmitted by cats;causes fetal infections)
71
Apicomplexa-Cryptosporidium
Transmitted via feces, causes waterborne illness
72
Apicomplexa-Plasmodium
Causes malaria; sexually reproduces in the Anopheles mosquito, mosquito injects a sporozoite into its bite, schizogony in the liver; merozoites are produced, Merozoites infect RBCs, forming a ring stage inside the cell, RBCs rupture and merozoites infect new RBCs
73
Ciliates
Move by cilia arranged in precise rows, Balantidium coli (only human parasite; causes dysentery)
74
Cellular slime molds
Asexual reproduction; resemble amoeba, ingest fungi and bacteria by phagocytosis, cells aggregate to form stalks and spore caps that differentiate into spores
75
Plasmodial slime molds
Asexual and sexual repoduction; mass of protoplasm with multiple nuclei, moves as a giant amoeba, cytoplasmic streaming (protoplasm moves and changes speed and direction to distribute oxygen and nutrients)
76
Describe the basic characteristics ofHelminths
Multicellular eukaryotic animals, parasitic worms, specialized to live in hosts, may lack digestive system, reduced nervous system, reduced or lacking locomotion, complex reproductive system
77
How many phyla of Helminth are there and what are they?
Two phyla- Platyhelminths (flatworms) and nematoda (roundworms)
78
Helminth life cycle- Dioecious
Separate male and female
79
Helminth life cycle- Monoecious (hermaphroditic)
Male and female reproductive systems in one animal
80
Helminth life cycle
Egg...Larva(e)...Adult
81
Platyhelminth-Trematodes (flukes)
Leaf-shaped, ventral and oral sucker, absorb food through cuticle covering, Paragonimus spp. (lung fluke), Schistosoma (blood fluke), and Fasciola hepatica (liver fluke)
82
Leaf-shaped, ventral and oral sucker, absorb food through cuticle covering, Paragonimus spp. (lung fluke), Schistosoma (blood fluke), and Fasciola hepatica (liver fluke)
Trematodes-flukes (platyhelminth)
83
Platyheminth-Cestodes (tapeworms)
Scolex (head that has suckers for attachment), absorb food through cuticle, Proglottids (body segments), contain male and female reproductive organs, humans as definitive hosts, eggs from proglottids are ingested, hatch into larvae, and bore into the intestinal wall, produce cysticerci, Taenia solium (pork tapeworm)
84
Scolex (head that has suckers for attachment), absorb food through cuticle, Proglottids (body segments), contain male and female reproductive organs, humans as definitive hosts, eggs from proglottids are ingested, hatch into larvae, and bore into the intestinal wall, produce cysticerci, Taenia solium (pork tapeworm)
Cestode- tapeworm- Platyheminth
85
Nematodes- roundworms
Cylindrical; complete digestive system, dioecious (male contain spicules), free-living or parasitic, eggs infective for humans (Ascaris lumbricoides-infect intestines, Thricanella spiralis-trichinosis;undercooked meat, Enterobius vermiculares-pinworm), Larvae infective for humans (Necator americanus-hookworm, Dirofilaria immitis-mosquito vector;heartworm)
86
Cylindrical; complete digestive system, dioecious (male contain spicules), free-living or parasitic, eggs infective for humans (Ascaris lumbricoides-infect intestines, Thricanella spiralis-trichinosis;undercooked meat, Enterobius vermiculares-pinworm), Larvae infective for humans (Necator americanus-hookworm, Dirofilaria immitis-mosquito vector;heartworm)
Nematodes-roundworms
87
Arthropods
Animals with segmented bodies, hard external skeletons, and jointed legs
88
Vectors
Arthropods that carry pathogenic microorganisms (mosquitoes/ticks), mechanical transmission and biological transmission (pathogen multiplies in vector)
89
Classes of vectors
Arachnida- eight legs
Crustacea- four antennae
Insecta-Six legs
90
Definitive host
Microbe's sexual reproduction takes place in vector
