Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Microbiology > Prokaryotic diversity > Flashcards

Prokaryotic diversity Flashcards

(108 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Distinguish between classification and identification

A

Identification is matching characteristics of an unknown organism to lists of known organisms, and classification is placing organisms in groups of related species.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe how to make and use a dichotomous key

A

Identification key based on successive yes or no questions, used to distinguish between physical and functional characteristics.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

List the characteristics of proteobacteria

A

Gram-negative, chemoheterotrophic, five classes (alphaproteobacteria, betaproteobacteria, gammaproteobacteria, deltaproteobacteria, epsilonproteobacteria)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

List the characteristics shared by alphaproteobacteria

A

They are oligotrophs (can grow with very low levels of nutrients), many have stalks or buds (prosthecae), a few human pathogens.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Alphaproteobacteria-One of the most abundant microorganisms in the ocean, extremely small, rod or crescent-shaped, nonmotile, advantage in low-nutrient environments, important role in Earth’s carbon cycle

A

Pelagibacter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Alphaproteobacteria-Motile bacillus, fix nitrogen in the roots of leguminous plants

A

Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Alphaproteobacteria- Motile bacillus, Plant pathogen, causes crown gall disease, inserts plasmid into plant cells, inducing a tumor

A

Agrobacterium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Alphaproteobacteria- Non motile pleomorphic obligate intracellular parasite, causes spotted fevers…R. prowazekii, R typhi, R, richettsii (Rocky mountain spotted fever), transmitted by insect and tick bites

A

Rickettsia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Alphaproteobacteria- Nonmotile obligate intracellular parasite, coccoid or ellipsoid, transmitted by ticks, cause ehrlichiosis

A

Ehrlichia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Alphaproteobacteria- Motile, pleomorphic, human pathogen, B. henselae (cat-scratch disease)

A

Bartonella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Alphaproteobacteria- Motile, coccobacillus, obligate parasite of mammals, survives phagocytosis, causes brucellosis (usually due to consumption of unpasteurized dairy)

A

Brucella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

List the characteristics shared by betaproteobacteria

A

They are eutrophs (require copious amounts of organic nutrients), aerobes and anaerobes, Include many human pathogens (some life-threatening)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Betaproteobacteria-Motile bacillus, B. cepacia (degrades more than 100 organic molecules; can grow in disinfectants), B. pseudomallei (causes melioidosis)

A

Burkholderia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Betaproteobacteria- Non motile rods, B. pertussis (whooping cough)

A

Bordatella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Betaproteobacteria- Non motile, flattened diplococci (coffee beans), obligate aerobes, N. gonorrhoeae (gonnorrhea), N. meningitidis (meningococcal meningitis)

A

Neisseria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

List the characterisitics shared by gammaproteobacteria

A

Most diverse class of gram-negative bacteria, aerobes and anaerobes, chemoautotrophs, photoautotrophs, heterotrophs, include important environmental microbes and many human pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Gammaproteobacteria-Grows in aquatic sediments; uses gliding motility;can be problematic for sewage treatment, chemoautotrophic; oxidize H2S for energy

A

Beggiatoa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Gammaproteobacteria- Non motile coccobacillus, F. tularensis (tularemia)

A

Francissela

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Gammaproteobacteria- Pseudomonadales; motile bacillus opportunistic pathogens; nosocomial infections, commonly found in soil, P. aeruginosa (wound and urinary tract infection)

A

Pseudomonas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Gammaproteobacteria-Pseudomonodales; Non motile bacillus, A. baumanii (opportunisitic nosocomial respiratory pathogen, resistant to antibiotics)

A

Acinetobacter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Gammaproteobacteria-Legionellales; Motile bacillus, found in streams/warm-water pipes/cooling towers, L. pneumophila (legionellosis/Legionnaires disease)

A

Legionella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Gammaproteobacteria-Legionellales; Non motile bacillus, C. burnetti (Q fever, transmitted via aerosols or milk, obligate intracellular pathogen)

A

Coxiella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Gammaproteobacteria-Legionellales; Motile curved rods, found in aquatic habitats, V. cholera (cholera), V. parahaemolyticus (gastroenteritis), V. vulnificus (life threatening cellulitis and blood infections), Aliivibrio fischeri (not human pathogen, can cause fluorescence, aquatic animals)

A

Vibrio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Gammapreoteobacteria- Enterobacteriales characteristics

A

Enterics (inhabit the intestinal tract), facultative anareobes that ferment carbohydrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Gammaproteobacteria- Enterobacteriales; Motile coliform (ferments lactose completely), E. coli (fecal contamination, foodborne illness, uti)
Escherichia
26
Gammaproteobacteria- Enterobacteriales; Motile non coliform, common foodborne illness, S. typhi (typhoid fever)
Salmonella
27
Gammaproteobacteria- Enterobacteriales; Nonmotile coliform, causes bacillary dysentery
Shigella
28
Gammaproteobacteria- Enterobacteriales; Nonmotile coliform, K. pneumoniae (pneumonia)
Klebsiella
29
Gammaproteobacteria- Enterobacteriales; Motile coliform, produces red pigment, common cause of nosocomial infections, commonly found in showers and bathrooms (moist environments)
Serratia
30
Gammaproteobacteria- Enterobacteriales; non coliform, swarming motility, colonies form concentric rings
Proteus
31
Gammaproteobacteria- Enterobacteriales; Non motile coliform, Y. pestis (plague), transmitted via fleas
Yersinia
32
Gammaproteobacteria- Enterobacteriales; Motile coliform, E. cloacae/ E. aerogenes (cause uti and nosocomial infections)
Enterobacter
33
Gammaproteobacteria- Enterobacteriales; Motile noncoliform, plant pathogens
Erwinia
34
Gammaproteobacteria- Pasteurellales; Non motile pleomorphic pathogen of domestic animals, P. multocida (transmitted to humans via animal bites)
Pasteurella
35
Gammaproteobacteria- Pasteurellales; Non motile coccobacillus, requires X( heme) and V (NAD) factors, H. influenza (meningitits, earaches, epiglottitis)
Haemophilus
36
Distinguish between coliform and non coliform. Give examples for each.
Coliform- can ferment lactose completely (Escherichia, serratia, enterobacter) and non coliform bacteria does not ferment lactose completely (Salmonella, proteus, shigella)
37
List the characteristics of Deltaproteobacteria
Noted sulfate reducers and microbes with predatory behavior, sulfate reducers and anaerobic and other groups are aerobes.
38
Deltaproteobacteria- Famously fast motile bacillus, attack other gram-negative bacteria (predatory)
Bdellovibrio
39
Deltaproteobacteria- Motile bacilli that use sulfur or sulfate instead of O2 as final electron acceptors; aerotolerant, found in anaerobic sediments (bottom of streams) and intestinal tracts
Desulfovibrio
40
Deltaproteobacteria- Myxo-mucus, coccoid bacteria, move by gliding, leave a slime trail, cells aggregate and form a fruiting body containing myxospores
Myxobacteria
41
List the characteristics shared by Epsilonproteobacteria
Smallest class of proteobacteria, Helical or curved, microaerophilic
42
Epsilonproteobacteria- One polar flagellum, C. jejuni (foodborne intestinal disease)
Campylobacter
43
Epsilonproteobacteria- Multiple flagella, causes peptic ulcers and stomach cancer
Helicobacter
44
Phototrophs
Large diverse group, not a single taxon, proteobacteria and nonproteobacteria, use sunlight for energy, oxygenic and anoxygenic photosynthesizers
45
Cyanobacteria
carry out oxygenic photosynthesis, many contain heterocysts that can fix nitrogen, gas vesicles that provide buoyancy, unicellular or filamentous, can form biofilms
46
Carry out oxygenic photosynthesis, many contain heterocysts that can fix nitrogen, gas vesicles that provide buoyancy, unicellular or filamentous, can form biofilms
Cyanobacteria
47
Purple and green bacteria
Carry out anoxygenic photosynthesis, use bacteriochlorophylls (green, purple, or blue pigments)
48
Sulfur bacteria
sulfite electron donors; release elemental sulfur
49
sulfite electron donors; release elemental sulfur
sulfur bacteria
50
Non sulfur bacteria
organic electron donors such as succinate and malate
51
organic electron donors such as succinate and malate
non sulfur bacteria
52
Green sulfur bacteria
Green bacteriochlorophyll pigment stored in chlorosomes (inclusion), Chlorobium produces methane
53
Green non sulfur bacteria
Do not use sulfur substrates (organic sulfites, hydrogen), chloroflexus performs anoxygenic photosynthesis and can survive in the dark if oxygen is available
54
Do not use sulfur substrates (organic sulfites, hydrogen), chloroflexus performs anoxygenic photosynthesis and can survive in the dark if oxygen is available
Green non sulfur bacteria
55
Green bacteriochlorophyll pigment stored in chlorosomes (inclusion), Chlorobium produces methane
Green sulfur bacteria
56
Purple sulfur and purple non sulfur bacteria
photosynthetic bacteria, proteobacteria
57
photosynthetic bacteria, proteobacteria
Purple sulfur and nonsulfur bacteria
58
Purple sulfur bacteria
Oxidize H2S into elemental sulfur and sulfuric acid, bacteriochlorphyll and carotenoid pigments, Chromatium (anaerobic gammaproteobacteria) model for bacterial photosynthesis
59
Oxidize H2S into elemental sulfur and sulfuric acid, bacteriochlorphyll and carotenoid pigments, Chromatium (anaerobic gammaproteobacteria) model for bacterial photosynthesis
Purple sulfur bacteria
60
Purple nonsulfur bacteria
Use hydrogen instead of H2S, Rhodospirillum (anoxygenic, uses organic compounds)
61
Use hydrogen instead of H2S, Rhodospirillum (anoxygenic, uses organic compounds)
Purple nonsulfur bacteria
62
CFB group (non proteobacteria/ gram-negative)
Cytophaga, Fusobacteria, and Bacteriodes, anaerobic bacilli, similar DNA sequences.
63
CFB group-Cytophaga
Degrade cellulose in soil; gliding motility
64
CFB group- Fusobacteria
Found in the mouth; cause dental abscesses; non motile
65
CFB group- Bacteroides
Found in the mouth and large intestine; non motile, largest genus in CFB group, makes up approximately 30% of the gut microbiome
66
Chlamydiae characteristics
non motile, chemoheterotrophs, obligate intracellular parasites, no peptidoglycan in cell walls, grow intracellularly
67
non motile, chemoheterotrophs, obligate intracellular parasites, no peptidoglycan in cell walls, grow intracellularly
Chlamydiae
68
Chlamydiae-Chlamydia and Chlamydophila
Form an endospore-like elementary body that is infective (once in the host cell, convert to active reticulate bodies), Chlamydia trachomatis (trachoma and urethritis), Chlamydophila psittaci (respiratory psittacosis)
69
Form an endospore-like elementary body that is infective (once in the host cell, convert to active reticulate bodies), Chlamydia trachomatis (trachoma and urethritis), Chlamydophila psittaci (respiratory psittacosis)
Chlamydiae-Chlamydia and Chlamydophila
70
Spirochetes
Motile gram-negative nonproteobacteria, coiled and move via axial filaments
71
Spirochetes-T. pallidum (syphilis)
Treponema
72
Spirochetes-Causes relapsing fever and Lyme disease
Borrelia
73
Spirochetes-Excreted in animal urine
Leptospira
74
Firmicutes
Low G+C ratios, gram-positive
75
Low G+C ratios, gram-positive
Firmicutes
76
Actinobacteria
High G+C ratios, gram-positive, often pleomorphic, branching filaments, often common inhabitants of soil
77
High G+C ratios, gram-positive, often pleomorphic, branching filaments, often common inhabitants of soil
Actinobacteria
78
Firmicute-Clostridiales; Endospore-producing rods, obligate anaerobes, C. tetani, C. botulinum, C. perfringens, and C. difficile
Clostridium
79
Firmicute-Clostridiales; Can be seen with the unaided eye, daughter cells form within the parent cell; no binary fission
Epulopiscium
80
Firmicute-Bacillales; Mostly motile, endospore-producing rods, aerobic of facultatively anaerobic, B. anthracis (anthrax), B. thuringiensis (insect pathogen), B. cereus (food poisoning)
Bacillus
81
Firmicute-Bacillales; Forms grape like clusters, S. aureus (wound infections, often antibiotic resistant, produces endotoxin)
Staphylococcus
82
Firmicute-Lactobacillales characteristics
Aerotolerant anaerobes, produce lactic acid from simple carbohydrates
83
Firmicute-Lactobacillales; Colonize the body and are used commercially in food production
Lactobacillus
84
Firmicute-Lactobacillales; Spherical chains, produces enzymes that destroy tissue, beta-hemolytic streptococci hemolyze blood agar, includes S. pyogenes(pyogenic); non beta hemolytic streptococci include S. pneumoniae and S. mutans (dental caries)
Streptococcus
85
Firmicute-Lactobacillales; Motile cocci or ovoid, found in intestinal tract, hospital contaminants, E. faecalis and E. faecium infect surgical wounds and urinary tract
Enterococcus
86
Firmicute-Lactobacillales; Motile bacillus, L. monocytogenes contaminates food/ can cross the placenta; can cause disease in immunocompromised patients and elderly
Listeria
87
Firmicute-Mycoplasmatales characteristics
Lack a cell wall; pleomorphic
88
Firmicute-Mycoplamatales; causes mild pneumonia
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
89
Actinobacteria-outermost layer of mycolic acids that are waxy and water resistant, often slow growing, M. tuberculosis (tuberculosis), M. leprae (leprosy), acid-fast
Mycobacterium
90
Actinobacteria-nonmotile rod or club-shaped, C. diphtheriae (diphtheria)
Corynebacterium
91
Actinobacteria-nonmotile bacilli, forms propionic acid, P. acnes (acne)
Propionibacterium
92
Actinobacteria-nonmotile coccobacilli, G. vaginalis (vaginitis)
Gardnerella
93
Actinobacteria- Filamentous bacteria that forms nitrogen-fixing nodules on tree roots
Frankia
94
Actinobacteria-Isolated from soil; produce most antibiotics; conidiospores
Streptomyces
95
Actinobacteria-Form filaments in the mouth and throat;destroy tissue
Actinomyces
96
Actinobacteria-Form fragmenting filaments, N. asteroides (pulmonary infections), acid-fast
Nocardia
97
Deeply branching bacteria
Close relatives to last universal common ancestor
98
Deeply branching bacteria-More resistant to radiation than endospores, non-motile gram-positive cocci, typically form tetrads
Deinococcus radiodurans
99
Deeply branching bacteria- non motile gram-negative bacillus, found in hot spring in Yellowstone National Park, TAQ polymerase used in PCR
Thermus aquaticus
100
Diversity within the Archaea
Distinct taxonomic grouping; lack peptidoglycan, not prokaryotes
101
Extremophiles
Halophiles and Thermophiles
102
Require salt concentration greater than 25%
Halophile
103
Require growth temperature greater than 80 degrees celcius
Thermophile
104
Methanogens
Anaerobic; produce methane
105
Crenarchaeota
aquatic archaea, mostly hypothermophiles
106
Crenarchaeota- Sulfolobus
Thermophilic acidophiles
107
Euryarchaeota
methanogens and halophiles
108
Euryarchaeota-Halobacterium salinarum
May be the oldest living organism on Earth

Microbiology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions