Eukaryotic Pathogenic Microbes 11.30.2022. Study Questions

Question 1

Describe the life cycle of Giardia lamblia

Answer 1

1. cysts enter through the mouth
2. cysts pass through stomach to small instestine
3. cysts release trophozoites in small inestine
4. trophozoites multiply in small intestine
5. dehydration in large intestine stimulates cyst development
6. mature cysts or trophozoites are eliminated in the feces to contaminated soil, water, hands, food

Question 2

Describe the pathogenesis of Giardia lamblia (in general, and more specifically) and include how it relates to disease symptoms

Answer 2

colonization of mucus membrane

• adheres to small intestine
• coats/damages brush border
• interferes with absorption (fats not absorbed –> fatty stool)
• interferes with digestion (–> lactose intolerance)
• chloride ions leak -> water follows

Question 3

Describe the typical scenario of giardiasis, and how the disease can be diagnosed and prevented

Answer 3

diagnosed: fecal exam, test for antigen in feces, string/entero test

prevented: handwashing, treat drinking water, filter chlorinated water

Question 4

Draw the life cycle of Plasmodium species highlighting and labeling all hepatic and erythrocytic stages and forms

Answer 4

HEPATIC:
1) sporozoite to liver via biting

2) growth in liver cell

hypnozoite (inactive form)

3) merozoite (in liver cell) (form that results from asexual division, infects RBC)

ERYTHROCYTIC: in RBC
1) trophozoite: active, feeding form

2) merozoite: active, feeding form

3) gametocyte: form for reproduction, picked up by mosquito

Question 5

Compare and contrast the characteristics of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum

Answer 5

Plasmodium vivax:
- forms hypnozoites
-infects only young RBC

Plasmodium falciparum:
- infects all ages of RBC
- makes RBC sticky, clog capillaries

Question 6

Describe the pathogenesis of Plasmodium species, including how it relates to disease symptoms

Answer 6

all species:
- huge inflammatory response: paroxysm
- anemia, difficulty breathing, life threatening to pregnant women and fetuses

plasmodium falciparum:
- deadly: clots in brain and brain stops working
- cerebral malaria
- hazard to the fetus

Question 7

Describe the control measures for malaria

Answer 7

eliminate vector: insecticides
- problem: increased resistance
treat infected people
- blood forms
- problem: increased resistance
- hypnozoites

Question 8

what are the mild symptoms of giardiasis

Answer 8

INI

indigestion, intestinal gas, nausea

Question 9

what are the severe symptoms of giardiasis

Answer 9

outie

vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss, cramps

Question 10

who is more likely to transmit giardiasis, someone with diarrhea or someone with formed stools? why?

Answer 10

formed stools. they can form cysts because it’s slower. in diarrhea, the flow is too fast

Question 11

in malaria, which form of plasmodium species is released by mosquitos during feeding?

Answer 11

sporozoites