Europe

Question 1

What were the main causes of WW1?

Answer 1

M - Militarism
A - Alliances
I - Imperialism / Colonialism
N - Nationalism

Question 2

When did Germany rise as a new country?

Answer 2

Germany arose as a new country in 1871.

Question 3

Who was the Chancellor of Germany in 1871 and what did he establish?

Answer 3

Otto con Bismarck, the German Chancellor, attempted to maintain peace by developing an alliance system.

Question 4

What two alliances were set up through the alliance system and who was involved?

Answer 4

• The Triple Alliance - Germany, Austria Hungary and Italy.

* The Triple Entente - Britain, France and Russia

Question 5

Who was apart of the Dual Alliance? What was the aim?

Answer 5

The Dual Alliance was an agreement between Germany and Austria Hungary, which was created to protect one another from the threat of a Russian attack. The Triple Alliance, including Italy had the same aim whilst also stopping France.

Question 6

What was the purpose of the Franco-Russian Alliance 1893?

Answer 6

It allowed Russia to build economic links with France. However, France wanted to turn it into a military agreement. Russia was forced into signing this when France withheld loans.

Question 7

What was the purpose of the Reinsurance Treaty 1887?

Answer 7

To improve the relationship between Russia and Germany, although there was financial implications too. This Treaty ended when Russia introduced a new law that stopped foreigners buying land in their country.

Question 8

What was the purpose of the Anglo-French Entente 1904?

Answer 8

GB and France were close to having a war, known as the Fashoda incident. This Treaty reduced the threat of colonial rivalry, whilst improving trade links.

Question 9

What was the purpose of the Anglo-Russian Entente 1907?

Answer 9

This improved relations between Britain and Russia, whilst also allowing Britain to move a large proportion of her navy from Asia into European waters. It also settled disputes over Tibet, Afghan and Persia.

Question 10

What was the Treaty of Frankfurt 1871?

Answer 10

This harsh Treaty was imposed on France, resulting in them having to pay reparations and lose the ore-rich provinces of Alsace and Lorraine. France demanded ‘la revanche’.

Question 11

What was the Schlieffen plan, set up in 1891?

Answer 11

The fear of French revenge resulted in Count Von Schlieffen creating a military plan that included the following:
• Germany using all their forces to attack France.
• Sweeping through Belgium and down in order to invade Paris.
• Sending army to Russia after defeating France. They thought Russia would take longer to mobilise.

This happened in 1914.

Question 12

What was the Dreyfuss Affair 1894-1906?

Answer 12

A Jewish officer, Major Dreyfus, from the French armed forces was accused of betraying secrets to the Germans.

Question 13

What was Plan 17?

Answer 13

A plan set up by France in case of a war against Germany. The plan was to quickly attach Germany through Alsace and Lorraine.

Question 14

Why did both France and Germany want Morocco?

Answer 14

It was in a strategic position, proving trading links from Europe into the Mediterranean Sea.

Question 15

What happened during the First Moroccan Crisis 1905?

Answer 15

It was voted that France would be allowed to have influence in Morocco and use their police officers to train their police, whilst also establishing the State Bank of Morocco.

Question 16

What were the results of The Second Morocco Crisis 1911?

Answer 16

France and Germany had to open up negotiations and created the Treaty of Fez. France was allowed to make Morocco a French protectorate, whilst Germany would be given party of the French Congo.

Question 17

What was the ‘Two Power Standard’?

Answer 17

Whereby British navy had to be greater than the two largest navies in Europe combined to ensure that no one posed a threat to her empire.

Question 18

What was the Jameson Raid in 1895?

Answer 18

Whereby Leander Jameson attempted to claim more land on behalf of Britain in South Africa by sending in 500 men. It failed. Germany used it as an advantage to isolate Britain by sending the Kruger Telegram, recognising Germany’s support.

Question 19

What was Germany’s policy of Weltpolotik?

Answer 19

Germany wanted a ‘place in the sun’. Therefore, they set up naval building programmes known as Flottenpolitik to create a naval fleet that could rival the Royal Navy.

Question 20

Why did both Russia and Austria Hungary want the Balkans?

Answer 20

Russia - to give them free access to the Mediterranean Sea and to unite the common heritage of Slavic people.

Austria - to increase her territorial ambitions and prevent their empire splitting up.

Question 21

What was the Treaty of Stan Stefano 1877?

Answer 21

Russia imposed this upon the Ottoman Empire after their victorious invasion of Turkey. This gave Russia dominance in the Balkans, allowing Slavic nations to have independence. However, this was reversed at the Congress of Berlin 1878. It also allowed Serbia to annex the area of Nish.

Question 22

What were the outcomes of the Congress of Berlin 1878?

Answer 22

Austria were able to negotiate that they would be allowed to place soldiers into the Slavic nation is Bosnia, although they weren’t allowed to own the country.

Question 23

What was the Murzstag Agreement 1903?

Answer 23

It temporarily eased the tension in the Balkans between AH and Russia as it provided the maintenance of status quo (same thing) in Macedonia.

Question 24

Why did Austria get away with the annexation of Bosnia 1908?

Answer 24

• Austria had seen how weak the Russian army was after their defeat by Japan in 1905
• Russia could not afford to engage in another war.
• It showed that AH had control over the Mediterranean Sea and was still a great power.

Question 25

How did Austria's annexation affect Serbia?

Answer 25

* It blocked Serbia's demand for a "Greater Serbia". * To achieve a Greater Serbia, she would have to attack AH but lacked the support from Russia as she was not in the position to help. * Reluctantly, they had to accept the annexation.

Question 26

What was the Black Hand Terrorist Group?

Answer 26

This group was formed in the Summer of 1908 to pursue the goal of Greater Serbia. Terrorists, belonging to this group, assassinated Archduke Ferdinand in June 1914.

Question 27

What was the Black Cheque?

Answer 27

Germany promised Austria support in whatever measures they took against Serbia. The ultimate support meant that Austria would risk a war against Serbia, knowing if Russia got involved, Germany would step in.

Question 28

What 3 list of demands did Serbia fail to meet, which provoked war?

Answer 28

1. Sacking anti-Austrian policemen, officers and officials. 2. Taking action against the Black Hand Terrorist organisation, bringing members to trial. 3. Allowing Austria officials to take part in the Serb investigation into Franz Ferdinand.

Question 29

What date did Austria declare war on Serbia?

Answer 29

June 28th 1914

Question 30

Why and when did Germany declare war?

Answer 30

Russia mobilised their troops, which was seen as an act of war, therefore Germany declared war on August 1st 1914, putting the Schlieffen plan into place.

Question 31

Why and when did Britain declare war?

Answer 31

Germany invaded Belgium on August 2nd. Due to the agreement between Belgium and Britain known as the Treaty of London, Germany declared war on Germany on August 4th 1914.

Question 32

What was the Treaty of Versailles 1918?

Answer 32

A peace conference made with little time to prepare. The victorious allies met in Paris to decide how to deal with the defeated powers.

Question 33

What does LAMB stand for?

Answer 33

Land - Germany had to give up overseas colonies to give the GB and France. Alsace and Lorraine were given to France. And Germany was not allowed to join with Austria. Army - The army was cut down to 100,000 men. They were allowed no aircraft, or heavy military weapons. Also the demilitarisation of the Rhineland. Money - Germany had to pay reparations of £6,600 million to make them weak. Blame - The War Guilt Claude meant that Germany had to accept full responsibility for the war.

Question 34

What other aspects of the Treaty were there?

Answer 34

* National Self Determination - it was decided that each race of people had the right to separate nation with their own government. * General Disarmament - other countries had to reduce their arms to avoid the dangers of war. A further conference would take place in Washington 1921. * League of Nations - everything would be resolved through this to ensure that members felt safe.

Question 35

What was Germany's reaction to the Treaty?

Answer 35

They felt bitter and resentful. Many called it a DIKTAT. It was completely forever upon them. They hated the War Guilt Clause as the blame should have been shared. The economy was completely crippled.

Question 36

What was the Treaty of St Germain 1919?

Answer 36

This broke up the Austrian - Hungarian Empire. Austria was forced to give up a large proportion of land to the new Slavic nation - Yugoslavia and also to Poland and Italy. It was about dividing the Empire rather than punishing her for her part in the war. No Anschluss was allowed either.

Question 37

What was the Treaty of Neuilly 1919?

Answer 37

Bulgaria lost territory to countries within the Balkans and had to pay small amounts of reparations.

Question 38

What was the Treaty of Trianon 1920?

Answer 38

This focussed on Hungarian transferring territory to her neighbours to cripple the Hungarian empire.

Question 39

What was the Treaty of Sevres 1920?

Answer 39

The allies were convinced that Turkey was finished as a nation and allowed Greece to invade the mainland, forcing turkey to accept it. However the Turks declined and raised an army to challenge Greeks. By 1922, the Greeks were driven out of Smyrna.

Question 40

What was the Treaty of Lausanne 1923?

Answer 40

This officially recognised that Smyrna was once again Turkish territory.

Question 41

What was the Washington Naval Conference 1921?

Answer 41

This made other countries decrease their arms to prevent another war. Britain and the US had the largest navies because they operated in both the Pacific and Atlantic. A naval holiday where countries were not allowed to build ships for 10 years was also proposed.

Question 42

What impact did the additional peace treaties have on Poland, Czech and Yugoslavia?

Answer 42

Poland - a country without any natural frontiers, found it hard to protect themselves from an attack. It was a mixture of Jews, Russians and Germans, many of whom resented living in Poland. There was feats Germany would reclaim territory. And there was also a threat that communist Russia would attempt to reclaim land prior to WW1. Czech - consisted on different nationalities. The dangers were the Germans living in the Sudetenland wanting to break away and join Germany (which happened) Yugoslavia - most of its neighbours belonged to the old Austro-Hungarian Empire.

Question 43

What was the US's position in the 1920s?

Answer 43

The US followed the policy of isolationism and they refused to join the League of Nations even though the president - Woodrow Wilson created it. This weakened peace as the US did not act against any country that broke the terms.

Question 44

What was the Treaty of Rapallo 1920?

Answer 44

Formed between Russia and Germany as Germany was unhappy with the terms of the Treaty and wanted to change them. Russia and Germany agreed to economic cooperation and Germany was able to begin a small armament programme.

Question 45

What was the Occupation of the Ruhr 1923?

Answer 45

Germany defaulted on their reparations and in 1924, 70,000 French and Belgian troops were sent to invade the industrial heartland of Germany, crippling their economy and leading to hyperinflation.

Question 46

Locarno Treaties 1925

Answer 46

1. Germany had to accept the borders with France and Belgium. 2. Britain and Italy said that that would protect France if Germany violated the borders. 3. Germany accepted the demilitarisation of the Rhineland. 4. France and Germany agreed to settle disputes through the league. 5. Locarno spirit - Germany could join the league in 1926 and their armaments were no longer inspected in 1927.

Question 47

What was the Kellogg Briand Pact 1928?

Answer 47

The agreement which promised to outlaw war as a means of settling disputes. This was the result of the disagreements between the US, France and GB about the disarmament and alliances.

Question 48

What was the Young Plan 1929?

Answer 48

This plan reduces the payment of reparations and increased the time to repay the debt for Germany with help from Stresemann.

Question 49

The Wall Street Crash 1929

Answer 49

The crash of the US economy.