Eval 1 MOA

Question 1

Antacids (Magnesium, Aluminum, Calcium Carbonate, Sodium bicarbonate)

Answer 1

Neutralizing gastric acid, act as buffering agents, increase LES pressure, increase intragastric pH, blocks conversion of pepsin to pepsinogen

Question 2

Alginic acid

Answer 2

Reacts with sodium bicarbonate in saliva to form a viscous layer that floats on surface of gastric contents forming a protective barrier against esophageal irritation

Question 3

H2RA (Cimetidine, Ranitidine, Famotidine)

Answer 3

Decrease fasting and food stimulated gastric acid secretion and gastric volume by inhibiting histamine on the histamine type 2 receptor of parietal cell (competitive and reversible)

Question 4

PPIs

Answer 4

Antisecretory, decrease gastric acid secretion, inhibit hydrogen potassium ATPase, irreversibly blocking final step in gastric acid secretion, only works on active pumps

Question 5

Bismuth Subsalicylate

Answer 5

Reacts with hydocholoric acid in stomach to forma bismuth oxychloride and salicyclic acid, bismuth exerts direct antimicrobial effects, salicylate exerts antisecretory effects that reduce fluid and electrolyte losses

Question 6

Simethicone

Answer 6

Defoaming agent, works in stomach and intestine to reduce the surface tension of gas bubbles that are embedded in the mucus of the GI tract

Question 7

Activated Charcoal

Answer 7

Absorbent effects of substance and its potential to facilitate elimination of intestinal gas from GI tract

Question 8

Alpha-Galactosidase

Answer 8

Hydrolyzes oligosaccharides into their component parts before they can be metabolized by colonic bacteria

Question 9

Lactase Replacement

Answer 9

Lactase enzymes break down lactose into glucose and glactose which are absorbed

Question 10

Antihistamines

Answer 10

Anticholinergic effects, cross BBB, blocks histamine receptor

Question 11

Phosphorated carbohydrate solution (PCS)

Answer 11

Direct local action on GI tract wall that may decrease smooth muscle contraction and delay gastric emptying time

Question 12

Loperamide

Answer 12

Stimulates peripheral micro-opioid receptors on the intestinal circular muscles to slow intestinal motility and allow absorption of electrolytes and water, antisecretory effects

Question 13

Zinc

Answer 13

Stimulates intestinal wate rand electrolyte absorption, preventing villous atrophy, and enhancing overall immunity through up-regulation of T helper immune responses, including macrophage activation and cell-mediated immunity

Question 14

Bulk forming agents

Answer 14

Dissolve or swell in the intestinal fluid of the small and large intestines forming emollient gels that stimulate peristalsis and facilitate passage of the intestinal contents

Question 15

Hyperosmotic agents (PEG 3350, glycerin)

Answer 15

Contain large, poorly absorbed ions or molecules that draw water into the colon or rectum through osmosis to stimulate a bowel movement

Question 16

Emollient agents (stool softeners, docusate)

Answer 16

Anionic surfactants that act in the small and large intestines to increase the wetting efficiency of intestinal fluid, facilitating a mixture of aqueous and fatty substances to soften the fecal mass

Question 17

Lubricant agents (mineral oil)

Answer 17

Acts in the colon to soften fecal contents by coating the stool and preventing colonic absorption of fecal water

Question 18

Saline Laxative agents

Answer 18

Osmosis in the small and large intestines or in the colon, ions are retained in the intestinal wall and draw water in by osmosis thereby increasing intraluminal pressure and intestinal motility

Question 19

Stimulant agents (senna, bisacodyl)

Answer 19

Work primarily in colon to increase intestinal motility either by local irritation of mucosa or by a more selective action on the intramural nerve plexus of intestinal smooth muscle increase secretion of water and electrolytes in intestine

Question 20

Local anesthetics (“caine”, pramoxine)

Answer 20

Reversibly block transmission of nerve impulses

Question 21

Vasoconstrictors (phenylephrine, epinephrine)

Answer 21

Stimulation of alpha adrenergic receptors in vascular beds to constrict arterioles, producing a modest and transient reduction of swelling

Question 22

Protectants (petrolatum, topical starch, mineral oil, cocoa butter)

Answer 22

Provide a physical protective barrier and soften the anal canal

Question 23

Astringents (calamine, zinc oxide, witch hazel)

Answer 23

Promote coagulation of surface protein in anorectal skin cells to protect the underlying tissue, decrease cell volume making the affected environment drier

Question 24

Keratolytics

Answer 24

Cause desquamation and debridement of epidermal surface cells by fostering cell turnover and loosening surface cells

Question 25

Menthol, Junipar tar, Camphor

Answer 25

Produce a cool, warm, or tingling sensation (counterirritant)

Question 26

Corticosteroids

Answer 26

Act as a vasoconstricotr and antipruritic by producing lysosomal membrane stabilization and antimitotic activity

Question 27

Bentoquatam

Answer 27

Believed to physically block urushiol from being absorbed into the skin

Question 28

Astringents (witch hazel)

Answer 28

Decrease edema, exudation, inflammation by reducing cell membrane permeability and by hardening the intercellular cement of the capillary epithelium, cool and dry skin through evaporation, cause vasoconstriction and reduce blood flow in inflamed tissue

Question 29

Aluminum acetate solution USP

Answer 29

Involves complexing of the astringent agent with proteins, thereby altering the proteins ability to swell and hold water

Question 30

Hydrocortisone

Answer 30

Reduce weeping by treating immune mediated inflammation, capable of vasoconstriction thereby reducing inflammationa nd relieving pruritus

Question 31

Clotrimazole/Miconazole Nitrate

Answer 31

Fungistatic/fungicidal activity, Inhibit biosynthesis of ergosterol and other sterols and by damaging fungal cell wall membrane, thereby altering its permeability and resulting in loss of essential elements

Question 32

Terbinafine Hydrochloride

Answer 32

Inhibits squalene epoxidase which results in deficiency in ergosterol and corresponding accumulation of squalene within the fungal cell causing fungal cell death

Question 33

Butenafine Hydrochloride

Answer 33

Squalene epoxidase inhibitor results in a deficiency in ergosterol, a corresponding accumulation of squalene within fungal cell and eventually cell death

Question 34

Tolnaftate

Answer 34

Distorts the hyphae and stunts the mycelial growth of fungi species, slows growth

Question 35

Aluminum salts

Answer 35

Astringent by reducing cell membrane permeability and by hardening the intercellular cement of the capillary epithelium, antibacterial

Question 36

Antihistamines (sleep)

Answer 36

Ethanolamines affect sleep through their affinity for blocking histamine 1 and muscarinic receptors

Question 37

Caffeine

Answer 37

Blocks adenosine receptors causing vasoconstriction, promotes wakefulness