everything

Question 1

parts of an Animal Cell

Answer 1

nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, ribosomes, mitochondria

Question 2

parts of a Plant Cell

Answer 2

nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm, cell wall, vacuole, chloroplast, ribosomes, mitochondria

Question 3

parts of a Fungal Cell

Answer 3

nucleus, cytoplasm, vacuole, cell membrane, ribosomes, cell wall, mitochondria, bud scar

Question 4

parts of a Bacteria Cell

Answer 4

cytoplasm, plasmids, capsule, cell wall, cell membrane, ribosomes, DNA

Question 5

what does the cell membrane consist of?

Answer 5

Phospholipids and proteins

Question 6

The cell membrane is selectively permisable. what does this mean?

Answer 6

This means that only certain substances can pass through it.

Question 7

what substances that can pass through the membrane?

Answer 7

Starch, amino acids, glucose, proteins

Question 8

What substances cannot pass through the membrane?

Answer 8

fatty acids, oxygen, red blood cells.

Question 9

What is diffusion?

Answer 9

is the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, down a concentration gradient.

Question 10

Does diffusion require energy

Answer 10

it does not require energy

Question 11

What is meant by a concentration gradient

Answer 11

A concentration gradient is the difference in concentration of molecules between one area compared to another.

Question 12

Why is diffusion important to cells?

Answer 12

It allows cells to gain useful substances they require to obtain energy, grow and lets them get rid of waste products.

Question 13

Definition of Osmosis?

Answer 13

Osmosis is the movement of water from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration, across a selectively permeable membrane.

Question 14

why does osmosis affect animal and plant cells differently?

Answer 14

Because plant cells contain a Cell Wall.

Question 15

What is Active Transport?

Answer 15

is movement of molecules and ions from a low concentration to a high concentration, against a concentration gradient.

Question 16

Where does the energy for active transport come from?

Answer 16

Respiration. The energy comes from a special energy-rich molecule called ATP (adenosine triphosphate).

Question 17

How is active transport carried out?

Answer 17

by carrier proteins in the membrane, called pumps.

Question 18

What is DNA?

Answer 18

DNA is a double- stranded helix molecule, held together by complementary bass pairing.

Question 19

Definition of DNA?

Answer 19

DNA carries the genetic information for making a protein.

Question 20

Definition of a gene?

Answer 20

A gene is a section of DNA which codes for a protein.

Question 21

What are the 4 bases called?

Answer 21

adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine.

Question 22

What is the base pairing rule?

Answer 22

A-T

C-G

Question 23

What are proteins made from?

Answer 23

Amino Acids

Question 24

What does the base sequence determine?

Answer 24

determines the amino acid sequence in proteins.

Question 25

What is the messenger RNA?

Answer 25

is a molecule which carries a complementary copy of the genetic code from the DNA, in the nucleus, to a ribosome, where the protein is assembled from amino acids.

Question 26

what are amino acids joined together with?

Answer 26

peptide bonds

Question 27

Proteins have many functions such as....?

Answer 27

structural, enzymes, hormones, antibodies and receptors

Question 28

How do enzymes function?

Answer 28

as biological catalysts and are made by all living cells

Question 29

What do enzymes do?

Answer 29

they speed up cellular reactions and are unchanged in the process.

Question 30

How many substrates do enzymes work on?

Answer 30

one

Question 31

The shape of the active site of an enzyme molecule is?

Answer 31

Is complementary to its specific substrate.

Question 32

What can enzymes be involved in?

Answer 32

in degradation(break down) and synthesis (build up) reactions.

Question 33

how can enzymes be used in biotechnology industries?

Answer 33

For making cheese, washing powders.

Question 34

how can enzymes be used to make cheese?

Answer 34

they speed up the clotting process of milk.

Question 35

how can enzymes be used in washing powders?

Answer 35

to help break down stains

Question 36

How are enzymes used in digestion?

Answer 36

to break down food into basic units

Question 37

What are the basic unit(s) for carbohydrates?

Answer 37

glucose

Question 38

What are the basic unit(s) for fats?

Answer 38

Fatty acids and Glycerol

Question 39

what are the basic unit(s) for proteins?

Answer 39

amino acids

Question 40

What can enzymes and other proteins be affected by?

Answer 40

temperature and PH

Question 41

when is each enzyme most active?

Answer 41

in its optimum conditions

Question 42

At low temperatures enzyme activity is...?

Answer 42

slow

Question 43

At temperatures above 37 degrees enzymes are often...?

Answer 43

denatured

Question 44

Explain what is meant by the term optimum PH?

Answer 44

each enzyme is most active in its optimum conditions

Question 45

explain the meaning of the term optimum temperatures?

Answer 45

The conditions at which an enzyme is most active

Question 46

Explain the meaning of the term denatured?

Answer 46

The substrate no longer fits and so the enzyme does not function.

Question 47

how can genetic information be transferred from one cell to another naturally or artificially?

Answer 47

by genetic engineering

Question 48

What can two bacterial cells that join together exchange?

Answer 48

bacterial plasmids

Question 49

what happens if viruses infect living cells?

Answer 49

they insert their genetic information into the nucleus of their host.

Question 50

what is genetic engineering?

Answer 50

is the transfer of DNA from one organism to another using biotechnology.

Question 51

what is the organism receiving the DNA said to be?

Answer 51

genetically modified (GM)

Question 52

why can bacterial cells be genetically modified?

Answer 52

so that they have the gene for producing human insulin.

Question 53

what is genetic engineering a form of?

Answer 53

gene therapy

Question 54

The chemical energy stored in glucose must be released by all cells through a series of enzyme-controlled reactions called...?

Answer 54

respiration

Question 55

Methods that can cause respiration experiments several drawbacks?

Answer 55

- heat is lost to the surroundings - the heat that reaches the water is not evenly distributed - the food does not burn completely to ashes

Question 56

A calorimeter can be used instead to give more accurate energy values. It is better because?

Answer 56

- oxygen is added to make sure the food burns completely. - The stirrer and coiled chimney spreads the heat evenly throughout the water. - The food enclosed therefore loss of heat energy is reduced to a minimum.

Question 57

the energy released from the breakdown of glucose is used to generate what?

Answer 57

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

Question 58

where is the highest concentration of carbon dioxide found in the lungs?

Answer 58

In the cupillary surrounding

Question 59

Is diffusion passive or active?

Answer 59

passive

Question 60

what two components is the plasma membrane made from?

Answer 60

phospolipids and protein

Question 61

where in the cell is the energy produced?

Answer 61

mitochondria

Question 62

so what is the process of which energy is produced?

Answer 62

respiration

Question 63

how many bases code for one amino acid?

Answer 63

3 bases

Question 64

what are the building blocks of proteins?

Answer 64

amino acids

Question 65

what are humans aiming to make with genetic engineering?

Answer 65

a protein we want

Question 66

what organisms are we using for genetic engineering?

Answer 66

bacteria

Question 67

what is removed from a bacteria?

Answer 67

A plasmid

Question 68

what is a plasmid made of?

Answer 68

DNA

Question 69

How is it possible for a gene to fit in?

Answer 69

As all DNA is made of the same 4 bases.

Question 70

Name a cellular processes which requires energy from ATP?

Answer 70

Muscle contraction, cell division, protein synthesis, transmission of nerve impulses, active transport, carbon firation