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Block 2 Immunology > Everything else > Flashcards

Everything else Flashcards

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1
Q

penicillin: function

A

inhibits cell wall biosynthesis

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2
Q

cell envelope: material located external to _______

A

cell membrane

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3
Q

components of cell envelope (3)

A

periplasmic space, cell wall, accessory structures (capsule)

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4
Q

gram positive cell wall components

A

peptidoglycan, teichoic acid

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5
Q

gram negative cell wall components

A

peptidoglycan, LPS, porins

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6
Q

what part of LPS is variable?

A

O-antigen

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7
Q

what part of LPS is fever-inducing, also known as an endotoxin?

A

Lipid A

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8
Q

what kind of bacteria have the most flagella?

A

enteric (intestinal) bacteria

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9
Q

who is at risk for Hib meningitis?

A

3-18 months

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10
Q

molecular diagnostic used to determine source of a nosocomial infection

A

RLFP (restriction fragment length polymorphism)

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11
Q

oxidase test

A

differentiates aerobes from facultative anaerobes (aerobes turn indicator blue)

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12
Q

formate hydrolase

A

allows bacteria to convert organic acid (formate) to gas (carbon dioxide) in acidic conditions

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13
Q

pathogenic bacteria: optimum temperature

A

20-40 degrees (mesophilic)

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14
Q

mannitol salt media

A

selects for gram positive

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15
Q

which bacterium make spores?

A

clostridium

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16
Q

PBPs: function

A

polymerization and crosslinking of peptidoglycan

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17
Q

beta-lactam antibiotics: mechanism

A

mimic natural substrate of PBPs (bind PBPs to inactivate them and prevent peptidoglycan crosslinking)

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18
Q

production of beta-lactamase is the most common mechanism of beta-lactam resistance in what kind bacteria?

A

gram negative

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19
Q

mutations in PBPs is the most common mechanism of beta-lactam resistance in what kind bacteria?

A

gram positive

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20
Q

clavulanic acid: what is it?

A

beta-lactamase inhibitor

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21
Q

vancomycin: what is it?

A

glycopeptide antibiotic

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22
Q

vancomycin: mechanism

A

binds to D-ala-D-ala at the end of peptide side chain in peptidoglycan precursors, blocking PBPs from binding and catalyzing peptidoglycan synthesis

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23
Q

vancomycin: works on what kind of bacteria?

A

gram positive

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24
Q

cycloserine: mechanism

A

structurally similar to D-alanine, inhibits peptidoglycan crosslinking

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25
bacitracin: mechanism
binds to lipid carrier for peptidoglycan precursors and blocks its recycling
26
what bacterium is sensitive to bacitracin?
Group A Streptococci
27
daptomycin: works on what kind of bacteria?
gram positive
28
daptomycin: mechanism
disrupts cytoplasmic membrane causing loss of membrane potential
29
polymyxins: works on what kind of bacteria?
gram negative
30
polymyxins: mechanism
bind to LPS
31
tetracyclines: mechanism
bind to 30S ribosomal subunit and interferes with binding of tRNA to the ribosome
32
aminoglycosides: mechanism
bind irreversibly to 30S ribosomal subunit and cause misreading and premature release of ribosome from mRNA
33
aminoglycosides: work on what kind of bacteria?
gram negative
34
macrolides: function
binds 50S ribosomal subunit to block elongation of proteins
35
aminoglycosides: example
gentamicin
36
macrolides: example
erythromycin
37
macrolides: work on what kind of bacteria?
gram positive
38
what two types of drugs have cross-resistance? why?
macrolides and clindamycin, because they both use the erm methylase gene
39
chloramphenicol: function
binds 50S ribosomal subunit to inhibit elongation
40
clindamycin: function
binds 50S ribosomal subunit to inhibit elongation
41
linezolid: function
binds unique site on 50S subunit to prevent formation of 70S initiation complex
42
antibiotics targeting 50S function (4)
macrolides, chloramphenicol, clindamycin, linezolid
43
antibiotics targeting 30S function (2)
tetracyclines, aminoglycosides
44
inhibitors of DNA replication (2)
nalidixic acid (synthetic quinolone), fluoroquinolones
45
inhibitors of DNA replication (quinolones): mechanism
binds bacterial DNA gyrase and/or topoisomerase to inhibit them
46
metronidazole: mechanism
produces a radical in an anaerobic environment, leading to DNA damage
47
metronidazole: work on what kind of bacteria?
anaerobic bacteria (ex: C. difficile)
48
antibiotics that inhibit RNA synthesis (2)
rifampin, fidaxomicin
49
antibiotics that inhibit RNA synthesis: function
bind bacterial RNA polymerase
50
sulfonamides: function
inhibit tetrahydrofolate biosynthesis
51
trimethoprim: function
inhibit dihydrofolate reductase and thus tetrahydrofolate biosynthesis
52
prokaryotic mRNA: genes encoded within ______
operons
53
transformation
DNA taken up from environment
54
conjugation
DNA transfer via direct cell-to-cell contact
55
transduction
DNA transfer mediated by bacteriophage
56
lysogenic transduction: mechanism
phage genome integrated and replicated with bacterial genome
57
shiga toxin: mechanism
'A' subunit is translocated into cytosol and deadenylates ribosome acceptor site = blocks protein synthesis
58
"trigger" mechanism: what bacterium, and mechanism
salmonella typhi, bacterial effector proteins are injected into host causing major membrane perturbations and cytoskeleton remodeling
59
"zipper" mechanism: what bacterium, and mechanism
listeria monocytogenes, bacteria "slide" into cell with minor membrane perturbations
60
what 4 bacteria escape phagosome and replicate in the cyotosol?
rickettsia, shigella, E. coli, listeria
61
which 2 bacteria make it so endosome never fuses with the lysosome?
mycobacterium and salmonella
62
iNOS
converts arginine to citrulline and generates nitric oxide
63
NADPH oxidase
generates superoxide
64
lysozyme
degrade peptidoglycan
65
defensins
poke hole in bacterial membrane
66
differences between exo- and endo-toxins (2)
1. endotoxins cause fever, exotoxins do not | 2. exotoxins are toxic at very low amounts
67
diphtheria toxin: mechanism
is endocytosed, endosome acidifies and inserts catalytic subunit into the cyotosol, catalytic subunit ADP-ribosylates EF2 and inhibits protein synthesis
68
pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A: mechanism
ADP-ribosylates EF2 and inhibits protein synthesis
69
botulinum toxin and tetanus toxin: mechanism
cleaves SNARE proteins
70
clostridium difficile toxin: mechanism
glucosylates Rho proteins
71
corynebacterium diphtheriae colonize where in the body?
upper respiratory tract
72
given to children at 2, 4, 6, and 18 months and 5 years
DTaP
73
given to adolescents as a booster shot every 10 years
Td
74
bacteriocidal drugs
aminoglycosides, quinolones, RNA synthesis inhbitors

Block 2 Immunology (2 decks)

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