Evidence For Crime And Gender Questions

Question 1

Heidensohn (1985)

Answer 1

Sex role theory:

Gender socialisation and ideological control means men and women are socialised into different roles

Feminine roles tend to value passivity, caring and domesticity; masculine roles value toughness, aggression and sexual conquest

This means women lack the values typically associated with criminal/delinquent behaviour

Question 2

Browne (2009)

Answer 2

Men 50x more likely to be convicted for sexual offences; 5x more likely to be convicted for violence against the person

Question 3

Wilkinson

Answer 3

in California, where men and women had more equal opportunity, there were similar levels of white-collar crime

Question 4

ONS (2024); …% women in employment

Answer 4

71.8

Question 5

Bea Campbell (1993)

Answer 5

Young men seek compensation for a lack of breadwinner status through aggressive masculinity

[includes control over technology (e.g. stealing cars); control over public space (e.g. the streets); and violence against the other (e.g. women, Asian shopkeepers, etc.)]

Question 6

Statista (2025); in 2023, men were arrested around …x more than women

Answer 6

6

Question 7

Pollock (1950)

Answer 7

Chivalry Thesis:

Men socialised to act chivalrously toward women in the CJS

Question 8

Anderson (1976)

Answer 8

CJS is paternalistic; has stereotypical views of women as helpless and naive:

Treats women more leniently than men; let off for similar offences

Question 9

Ministry of Justice (2023); …% of those who received immediate custodial sentences were women

Answer 9

7

Question 10

Ministry of Justice (2023); average custodial length was … months for women, and … months for men

Answer 10

12.2

21.8

Question 11

Ministry of Justice (2023); …% females convicted for indictable offences compared to …% of males

Answer 11

14

26

Question 12

Messerschmidt (1993)

Answer 12

Men attempting to reach ideal, “normative masculinity”

W/C men adopt “oppositional masculinity” to make up for a lack of power elsewhere

Question 13

Connel; young Black males can…

Answer 13

…be sucked into property and violence crime as ways of enhancing “hegemonic masculinity”

Question 14

Mac an Ghaill (1994); “The Macho Lads”

Answer 14

W/c boys harbor more traditional masculinity from home; were under more pressure to act accordingly at school

Question 15

Jackson

Answer 15

“Ladettes”:
Girls were participating in traditionally male anti-school subcultures

Question 16

Number of female offences rose by …% between ….-…. (Government data)

Answer 16

25

2004-2007

Question 17

Smart (1978)

Answer 17

“Mad and Bad” Theory

Criminal/deviant seen as ‘crazy’, and treated harshly because of their defiance of gender roles

Question 18

Carlen (1977)

Answer 18

Women are 2x more likely to be denied bail when charged with drug offences

Are 3x more likely to be denied for serious offences involving dishonesty