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Evo Bio Lab > EVO BIO Prelims > Flashcards

EVO BIO Prelims Flashcards

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1
Q

A change among species over a long time span with some species dying out and new species emerging

A

Macroevolution

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2
Q

results in smaller, but still noticeable, changes that do not result in the divergence of a new species

A

Microevolution

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3
Q

evolutionary changes occur within a population.

A

microevolution

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4
Q

Evidences of macroevolution (5)

A
  • Paleontology
  • Morphology and Comparative Anatomy
  • Comparative Embryology
  • Comparative Biochemistry
  • Geographical Distribution
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5
Q

provides the strongest evidence of evolution.

A

study of fossils

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6
Q

is the study of ancient life, from dinosaurs to prehistoric plants, mammals, fish, insects, fungi, and even microbes.

A

paleontology

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7
Q

Any trace or remains of an organism that has been preserved by natural processes.

A

fossils

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8
Q

Fossil records

A
  • Coral Fossil
  • Homo erectus Skull
  • Megalodon Fossil
  • Dinosaur Fossil
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9
Q

Earliest ancestor of horse with five toes and has the same size of the present day dog. What period?

A

Eohippus / Hyracotherium. Eocene period

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10
Q

The earliest ancestor of horse was replaced by ? In what period

A

Oligocene period, Mesohippus and miohippus

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11
Q

In what period did the horse has a size of pony and had three toes in the fore and three in hind leg

A

Miocene period, merychippus

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12
Q

In the Pliocene the merychippus was replaced by?

A

Pliohippus

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13
Q

In the Pleistocene, merychippus was replaced by?

A

Equus

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14
Q

Equus is?

A

Median toe touched the ground and bore a prominent hoof. Similar to modern day horse

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15
Q

is the study of external form and structure of various organs

A

Morphology

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16
Q

the study of internal structure is called

A

anatomy

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17
Q

Under morphology

A

Homologous Structures
Analogous Structures
Vestigial Organs

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18
Q

Homologous structures

A

Limb Structures of Vertebrates

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19
Q

homologous structure

A

similar physical features in organisms that share a common ancestor, but the features serve completely different functions

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20
Q

are similar in appearance and perform the same function but are developed on a totally different plan

A

analogous structure

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21
Q

Example of analogous structure

A

Wings of bird, bat, fly for flight

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22
Q

analogous structure is an example of what type of evolution

A

convergent evolution

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23
Q

Example of homologous structure

A

The forelimb of a frog, wings of birds, wings of bat and seal, flippers of whale and the arm of man are constructed on the same general plan, but perform different functions.

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24
Q

is the remnant of the caecum that is a large functional structure present at the junction of the small and the large intestine.

A

veriform appendix

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25
It helps in the digestion of cellulose.
appendix
26
What does the structure of vermiform appendix indicates?
perhaps the ancestors of man ate only vegetable matter where the caecum played an important role
27
Over evolution what happened to the appendix.
underwent reduction in size and became vestigial.
28
organs, tissues or cells in a body which are no more functional the way they were in their ancestral form of the trait.
Vestigial organs
29
In snakes what are its vestigial organs
tiny hind leg bones and pelvic girdle buried in muscles toward their tail ends
30
is the study of development of embryo.
embryology
31
Vertebrate embryos begin their development as a single celled
zygote
32
The zygote divides to form a solid ball of cells called
morula
33
morula transforms into a hollow ball
blastula
34
The blastula transforms into
two or three-layered gastrula
35
organizes to form germ layers.
gastrula
36
what does Embryological development reveals
unity of plan
37
During development, all vertebrates have
notochord and paired pharyngeal pouches/slits.
38
In fish and amphibian larvae, the pouches become
gills
39
In humans, the first pair of pouches becomes ____ the second pair becomes___, while third and fourth pairs becomes ___
1) cavity of the middle ear and auditory tube 2) tonsils 3) & 4) thymus and parathyroid gland.
40
formulated the ‘recapitulation theory’ or the ‘biogenetic law’.
Haeckel
41
The law states as follows – ‘Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny’
recapitulation theory
42
is the development of the organism starting from the ovum
ontogeny
43
is the evolutionary history of the individual.
phylogeny
44
According to this law, during the embryonic development of an organism, it recalls its entire evolutionary history.
recapitulation theory
45
Almost all living organisms use the same basic biochemical molecules, e.g., DNA, ATP, enzymes
comparative biochemistry
46
studies that have shown that many organisms use similar chemicals and genes
biochemistry and genetics
47
Similarities in amino acid sequences, DNA codes, etc. can be explained by
descent from a common ancestor
48
The study of the geographical distribution of plants and animals is known as
biogeography
49
Is geographical distribution continuous or discontinous
discontinous distribution
50
This means that animals showing discontinuous distribution
are descendants of the extinct population
51
Organisms that radiate to other geographical areas, where new environmental conditions exist, undergo
adaptive changes
52
Such an evolutionary process where new species are formed and adapts to new habitats and ways of life
adaptive radiation
53
two models with VARYING RATES OF SPECIATION
gradual speciation model punctuated equilibrium model
54
species diverge gradually over time in small steps.
gradual speciation model
55
a new species changes quickly from the parent species and then remains largely unchanged for long periods of time afterward.
punctuated equilibrium model
56
Which of the model has faster tempo
punctuated equilibrium model
57
Section of a chromosome that encodes the information to build a protein
gene
58
location of gene is called
locus
59
Varieties of the information at a particular locus
allele
60
every organism has how many alleles
two
61
Zygosity
Homozygous: Two copies of the same allele at one locus Heterozygous: Two different alleles at one locus
62
Alleles that dominates, is expressed
Dominant allele
63
Will be expressed, while a recessive allele is suppressed
recessive alleles
64
The collection of available alleles in a population
gene pool
65
Refers to how frequently a particular allele appears in a population.
allele frequency
66
Genetic information contained at a locus
genotype
67
Appearance of an organism based on from the underlying genotype
phenotype
68
A change in the frequency of gene variants, alleles, in a population, typically occurring over a relatively short time period
microevolution
69
examples of microevolution
mutation genetic drift gene flow natural selection
70
creates new genetic variation in a gene pool
mutations
71
true or false? mutations alone have much effect on allele frequencies
false
72
true or false? mutations provide the genetic variation needed for other forces of evolution to act.
true
73
It occurs when individuals move into or out of a population
gene flow
74
involves the movement of genes into or out of a population, due to either the movement of individual organisms or their gametes
gene flow
75
Strong agent of evolution
gene flow
76
is a random change in allele frequencies that occurs in a small population
genetic drift
77
When a small number of parents produce just a few offspring, allele frequencies in the offspring may differ, just by chance
genetic drift
78
occurs when a population suddenly gets much smaller. This might happen because of a natural disaster such as a forest fire or disease epidemic.
bottleneck effect
79
true or false: in bottleneck effect, allele frequencies of the survivors may be different from those of the original population
true
80
occurs when a few individuals start or found a new population
founder effect
81
occurs when the environment exerts a pressure on a population so that only some phenotypes survive and reproduce successfully.
natural selection
82
Those phenotypes that survive a strong selection event, such as a drought, are a better fit for an environment that suffers drought.
darwinian fitness

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