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Life Sciences > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

Geologists

A
  • study the Earth’s structure.
  • date rocks by studying chemical elements in rocks;
  • age of fossil from age of rock.
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2
Q

Palaeontology

A

study of plant and animal fossils.

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3
Q

Anthropology

A

study of human cultural development

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4
Q

Archaeology

A

study of human activity in the past by studying remains (artefacts) that have been left behind

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5
Q

Fossils

A
  • remains/traces (of hard body parts) of
  • organisms that lived millions of years ago
  • been preserved into sedimentary rocks
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6
Q

Evolution

A

process of modifying things that already exist. Change over time.

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7
Q

Homologous structures

A

features or characteristics shared by a group of species because they were inherited from the same/common ancestor)

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8
Q

Analogous body structures

A

body structures that do the same job but have a different origin and a slightly different structure, e.g. wings on birds, butterflies and bats

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9
Q

Convergent evolution

A

when organisms

  • not closely related
  • evolve similar adaptations
  • independently to suit a common environment
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10
Q

Modification by descent

A
  • related species share characteristics (homologous structures)
  • inherited them from a common ancestor
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11
Q

Divergent evolution

A
  • evolution of organisms from a common ancestor
  • have adapted to changing environments to develop into a new species
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12
Q

Vestigial structures

A
  • small, poorly developed structures that have no real use
  • inherited from an ancestor
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13
Q

Biogeography

A

the study of distribution of living organisms, past and present

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14
Q

Modification within a species

A

modified descendants of earlier species to adapt to different environments.

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15
Q

Natural selection

A
  • organism best suited to the environment survives
  • pass the favourable traits on to the next generation.
  • May lead to a new species forming
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16
Q

macroevolution

A

Type of evolution resulting in the development of a new species
Refers to major evolutionary changes over time

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17
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

single species diversifying into a variety of different species. organism adapting to a changing environment so that it no longer resembles the parent species

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18
Q

Microevolution

A

Type of evolution resulting in increased variation at species level

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19
Q

Species

A

Group of individuals of common ancestry, closely resembling each other, who can interbreed to produce fertile offspring

20
Q

Embryology

A

similarities and differences in embryonic development

21
Q

Comparative anatomy

A

comparison of structures that show a gradual change /modification of structures that have evolved along the same group line

22
Q

Inbreeding

A

Breeding between closely related individuals
in small gene pools - little gene flow between populations
allele frequency increases/ increased homozygosity
genetic diversity decreases/ hybrid vigour

23
Q

Outbreeding

A
  • interbreeding with other populations
  • Formation of stronger, healthier offspring
  • adding new alleles to the gene pool
  • promotes heterozygosity
24
Q

Sympatric speciation

A
  • speciation
  • populations not geographically isolated from each other
  • reproductively isolated
  • interbreeding can no longer occur
25
Q

Founder effect

A
  • when a few members of a species occupy new territories
  • isolated from the main population
  • resulting in a smaller gene pool showing less variation
26
Q

Geographical isolation

A
  • physical barriers
  • preventing interbreeding
  • cause speciation
27
Q

Evolution

A
  • cumulative change
  • long periods of time
28
Q

Speciation

A

Development of a new species

29
Q

microevolution

A

Type of evolution resulting

  • increased variation
  • at species level
30
Q

Gene pool

A
  • all the alleles of a gene
  • in a particular population
31
Q

Mutations

A

The process by which new types of organisms develop from existing organisms over a long period of time

32
Q

Genetic Drift

A
  • Is the random changes
  • in the (genetic) allele frequency in populations
  • may lead to speciation
33
Q

Evidence of evolution

A

Fossil record, Homology, Comparative anatomy; Genetic similarities, comparative embryology ; Biogeographic distribution, Biochemical similarities

34
Q

Punctuated equilibrium

A
  • evolution does not occur gradually
  • in sudden bursts (big jumps where phenotypic characteristics change rapidly)
  • after long periods of no change (equilibrium/stasis)
35
Q

Gradualism

A

model of evolution

  • slow, gradual change
  • in phenotypic characteristics
36
Q

Selection pressure

A
  • Factors in the environment
  • will select/favour certain individuals
  • based on particular characteristic
37
Q

Artificial Selection

A
  • specific organisms with specific traits/characteristics
  • for human use
  • are selected to produce offspring with
  • desired traits

(Artificial inbreeding and outbreeding)

38
Q

Allele frequency

A

the incidence of a gene variant in a population.

Alleles are variant forms of a gene that are located at the same position, or genetic locus, on a chromosome(the number of times a particular gene appears in a population)

39
Q

Bottle neck effect

A
  • sharp reduction in the size of a population
  • due to environmental events
  • leads to the reduction in the gene pool
  • the prevalence of a particular characteristic
40
Q

Allopatric speciation

A
  • The formation of a new species

due to the geographical/physically isolation of a few individuals,

  • eventually form a new population
  • and can no longer interbreed with the original population
41
Q

Exinct

A

When all individuals in a species have died and no single organism survives

42
Q

Extant

A

Refers to the existence/living of a population/species

43
Q

Outbreeding

A
  • the reproduction that occurs naturally
  • in larger populations
  • freely interbreed and exchange genetic material
  • leading to greater variation and genetic diversity
44
Q

Gene flow

A
  • The movement/exchange of genetic material
  • between population in different habitats.
  • due to interbreeding
45
Q

Out-of-Africa Theory

A

homo sapiens originated in Africa
Homo erectus extinct
migrated to other continents

temp, prey, population

46
Q

Multiregional hypothesis

A
  • Homo erectus occupied different lands
  • homo sapiens evolved outside of africa
  • independently evolded to the same species
  • because when moving, continents allowed for interbreeding

Life Sciences (10 decks)

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