Evolution

Question 1

The gradual process of change, is naturally occurring among populations at a negligible rate.

Answer 1

Evolution

Question 2

“survival of the fittest”

Answer 2

Natural Selection

Question 3

Selection of desirable traits leaving the population to evolve with human intervention.

Answer 3

Artificial Selection/Selective Breeding

Question 4

It describes random fluctuations in allele frequencies in a population.

Answer 4

Genetic Drift

Question 5

Portion of a population leaves creating anew.

Answer 5

Founder Effect

Question 6

Population size is decreased severely and can be caused by natural disasters.

Answer 6

Bottleneck Effect

Question 7

Involves the movement of genes into or out of a population.

Answer 7

Gene Flow

Question 8

Are mutations that happen when there are changes in the nucleotide sequence of the DNA.

Answer 8

DNA Mutation

Question 9

Are mutations that occur when there are changes or abnormalities in the structure and number of chromosomes.

Answer 9

Chromosomal Mutations

Question 9

Creates genetic diversity at the level of genes that reflects differences in the DNA sequences of different organisms.

Answer 9

Recomnination

Question 10

Name the Five Factors of the Hardy-Weinberg Principle

Answer 10

• No Gene Flow
• No Mutation
• No Natural Selection
• Random Mating
• Very Large Population Size

Question 11

What does the phrase ‘descent with modification’ summarize?

Answer 11

All organisms are related through descent from an ancestor that lived in the remote past.

Question 12

From what do species alive today descend?

Answer 12

Ancestral species that lived in a distant past.

Question 13

What concept unites all organisms on Earth?

Answer 13

The tree of life.

Question 14

What is the last universal common ancestor (LUCA)?

Answer 14

The ancestor of all life on Earth.

Question 15

What principle did Darwin refer to as ‘descent with modification’?

Answer 15

The idea that each living species has descended with changes from other species over time.

Question 16

What does ‘common descent’ emphasize?

Answer 16

All species, living or extinct, were derived from common ancestors.

Question 17

What is speciation?

Answer 17

The process where multiple species derive from a single ancestral population.

Question 18

How long does it take for speciation to happen?

Answer 18

Billions of years.

Question 19

What evidence does Darwin use to support his theory of natural selection?

Answer 19

Fossil records, geographical distribution, homologous structures, and embryology.

Question 20

What are phylogenetic trees based on?

Answer 20

Ribosomal RNA genes and molecular data.

Question 21

What does common biochemistry imply about all known forms of life?

Answer 21

They are based on the same fundamental biochemical organization.

Question 22

What is the significance of the genetic code being nearly identical across all life forms?

Answer 22

It is definitive evidence in favor of universal common descent.

Question 23

What do selectively neutral similarities in proteins suggest?

Answer 23

Common descent.

Question 24

What is an example of a universally shared protein found in all organisms?

Answer 24

Cytochrome c.

Question 25

What does the analysis of 6,331 common genes suggest?

Answer 25

They may have arisen from a single common ancestor.

Question 26

What is a key energy carrier in all living organisms?

Answer 26

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

Question 27

True or False: Homology of the central subunits of Transmembrane ATPases supports the LUCA hypothesis.

Answer 27

True.

Question 28

Fill in the blank: The process by which diverse species evolved from common ancestors is called _______.

Answer 28

Natural Selection.

Question 29

What concept did ancient scientists believe regarding species on earth?

Answer 29

Essentialism ## Footnote They argued that species were unchangeable creations of God.

Question 30

Who is known as the 'Father of Taxonomy'?

Answer 30

Carolus Linnaeus ## Footnote He developed a system for classifying and naming plants.

Question 31

What is the hierarchical taxonomic structure introduced by Linnaeus?

Answer 31

* Kingdom * Phylum * Class * Order * Family * Genus * Species ## Footnote This structure is foundational to modern classification systems.

Question 32

What is taxonomy?

Answer 32

A branch of science that deals with identification, description, classification, and nomenclature of organisms.

Question 33

How do we classify organisms according to Linnaean Classification?

Answer 33

* Kingdom * Phylum * Class * Order * Family * Genus * Species ## Footnote The classification starts from larger groups to smaller groups.

Question 34

What is the highest level of category in biological classification?

Answer 34

Kingdom

Question 35

What is the Binomial Nomenclature?

Answer 35

A system of naming organisms that uses two Latinized names: the genus and species.

Question 36

In Binomial Nomenclature, how is the genus name formatted?

Answer 36

Always starts with a capital letter.

Question 37

In Binomial Nomenclature, how is the species name formatted?

Answer 37

Always starts with a small letter.

Question 38

Who proposed the idea that human populations can grow faster than resources?

Answer 38

Thomas Robert Malthus

Question 39

What is the theory of catastrophism proposed by Georges Cuvier?

Answer 39

Natural history has been punctuated by catastrophic events that altered life development.

Question 40

What did James Hutton contribute to the understanding of geological processes?

Answer 40

Theory of Gradualism, recognizing that the Earth is extremely old and shaped by ongoing processes.

Question 41

What is uniformitarianism as supported by Charles Lyell?

Answer 41

The idea that geological processes observed in the present also operated in the past.

Question 42

What did Jean Baptiste de Lamarck's Theory of Use and Disuse suggest?

Answer 42

Organisms can reshape their traits based on the importance of those traits.

Question 43

What is the Theory of Acquired Traits proposed by Lamarck?

Answer 43

Acquired traits can be passed on to offspring.

Question 44

What is Charles Darwin known for?

Answer 44

Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection.

Question 45

What is the key mechanism of Darwin's theory of evolution?

Answer 45

Natural Selection

Question 46

What does 'fitness' refer to in Darwin's theory?

Answer 46

An organism's relative ability to survive and produce fertile offspring.

Question 47

What is speciation?

Answer 47

The process by which a species evolves into a new species over time.

Question 48

What concept do Darwin and Lamarck agree on regarding evolution?

Answer 48

Life evolves from fewer, less complicated organisms to more complex organisms.

Question 49

Who is known as the 'Father of Heredity'?

Answer 49

Gregor Mendel

Question 50

What did Gregor Mendel's experiments on pea plants demonstrate?

Answer 50

How heredity works and the concepts of dominant and recessive traits.

Question 51

Enumerate the eight scientists that contributed to the development of evolutionary thought.

Answer 51

- Carolus Linnaeus - Thomas Robert Malthus - Georges Cuvier - James Hutton - Charles Lyell - Jean Baptiste de Lamarck - Charles Darwin - Gregor Mendel

Question 52

Proposed a category above a kingdom, called domain.

Answer 52

Carl Woose

Question 53

Worked together with Charles Darwin to produce the Theory of evolution by natural selection.

Answer 53

Alfred Russel Wallace

Question 54

What are fossils?

Answer 54

Remains of ancient organisms trapped in rocks, tar pits, frozen in ice, or embedded in amber.

Question 55

What do paleontologists study to trace the evolutionary history of plants and animals?

Answer 55

Fossils found in rocks.

Question 56

What were the ancestors of modern horses primarily adapted to eat?

Answer 56

Broad-leaved plants, shrubs, and trees.

Question 57

What is paleontology?

Answer 57

The study of fossils.

Question 58

What are homologous structures?

Answer 58

Organs or bones with the same underlying anatomical features in different animals.

Question 59

Give an example of homologous structures.

Answer 59

The arm of a human, the wing of a bird, the leg of a dog, and the flipper of a dolphin.

Question 60

What are analogous structures?

Answer 60

Forms that perform the same function but have very different embryological development or structures.

Question 61

Give an example of analogous structures.

Answer 61

Insect’s wing, bird’s wing, and bat’s wing.

Question 62

What are vestigial structures?

Answer 62

Structures that have no apparent function and appear to be residual parts from past ancestors.

Question 63

Name an example of a vestigial structure in humans.

Answer 63

Coccyx (tail bone).

Question 64

What is embryology?

Answer 64

The study of structures that develop during an embryo’s various stages of growth.

Question 65

What common features do all vertebrate embryos share?

Answer 65

Gill slits and tails.

Question 66

What is molecular biology?

Answer 66

A branch of biology that deals with the structure and function of macromolecules essential to life.

Question 67

How can molecular biology provide evidence for evolution?

Answer 67

By examining similarities and differences among biological molecules to determine species’ relatedness.

Question 68

What does biogeography study?

Answer 68

The geographical distribution of fossils and living organisms.

Question 69

What is an example of evolution intersecting with geography?

Answer 69

The evolution of unique species on islands.

Question 70

What type of mammals primarily inhabit Australia?

Answer 70

Marsupials.

Question 71

True or False: The wings of bats, birds, and insects are homologous structures.

Answer 71

False.