Evolution Flashcards
(21 cards)
Define evolution
The change in inherited characteristics of a population over time if the inherited traits are beneficial the genes that controlled them what usually increase in frequency
State one myth, or misconception of evolution and why is it a myth or a misconception?
Evolution is a theory about the origin of life – we do not know how life on earth started although there is many theories evolution is not a theory about the origin of life. It is a theory about change in an organism, and have an adapt and inherit changes over a period of time to benefit a species.
No main theory of George Louis Leclerc, Jean Baptiste Lebrock, George Qier, James Hutton, Charles Lyle, Charles Darwin, Alfred Russell, Wallace Hugo dias
George Louis Leclerc
-French naturalist
- species didn’t evolve separately, shared ancestors
- developed in one area and moved due to climate change
- changed based on environment
Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
-first theory of evolution
- plants and animals adapted to environment
3 theories
- theory of need
- use and disuse
- inheritance of acquired characteristics
Georges Cuvier
- each rock layer contained different fossils
- extinction and catastrophism theory
James Hutton
- Scottish
- proposed land forms changed slowly over long periods of time (gradualism)
Charles Lyell
-English expanded on Huttons idea
-uniformatism
Charles Darwin
-species in different islands were very different natural selection
Alfred Russel
- natural selection in Europe
Wallace Hugo Dias
- mutation theory
What is the difference between catastrophism, gradualism and uniformitarianism
Catastrophism – catastrophic events, form, new landforms, or change old landforms
– Relatively fast process
Gradualism – changes to the earth occurred in the past over a long period of time
– Slow process
Uniformitarianism– geological processes are still occurring today uniform add up overtime (sediment) cause Great change
– Slow process
Explain Lamarack main ideas of evolution
Theory of need – if an organism needed a structure developed one, and the next generation would inherit it
Use and disuse – develop and keep characteristics that are useful characteristics that they don’t need
Inheritance of acquired characteristics – develop traits throughout lives that can be passed onto offspring. Any lost during lifetime, would not be passed on.
State Charles Darwin, main ideas of evolution
Overproduction – produce more offspring that can survive with the available food, water places to live
Struggle for existence – there’s competition for the resources, food water, places to live
Inherited variation – variations are inherited causes difference in members of the same species
Survival of the fittest, better suited or adapted to their environment, pass on offspring environment/nature decides who survives
Origin of new species – new species are formed when many inherited variations occur in a population over many years the new species is different from the original original species
Decent with modification
Know Charles Darwin’s views on evolution
Natural selection those who were well adapted to their environment would increase in frequency and those who weren’t would die off
What types of evidence do scientist collective support the theory of evolution?
Anatomy of an organism and how they develop of loose structures
Function can change
Embryology and how an organism can be similar or develop differently
Amino acid patterns
Define homologous, analogous, vestigial structures
Homologous – show individual variations on a common anatomical theme. These are seen in organisms that are closely related.
Analogous – have very different anatomy, but similar functions seen in organisms that are not necessarily closely related to live in similar environments and similar adaptations
Vest – anatomical remnants that were important in the organisms ancestors, but are no longer used
No examples of homologous analogous investable structures
Homologous – forelimbs of vertebrae’s like the whale human cat bat they are all used in different ways but they all have similar structure and origin
Analogue stash, a wing of a butterfly, and a wing of a bird both have same function being fly, but both look very different from each other
Vestigal– the cave fish its ancestors had eyes and now they weren’t used at all
Define genetic drift, bottleneck and founder effect
Genetic drift – a random change in allele frequencies that occurs in a small population by chance
Bottleneck effect – errs, when a population suddenly gets much smaller, might happen because of a natural disaster by chance, a real frequency of the survivors may be different from those of the original population
Founder effect – occurs when a few individuals start or found a new population by chance allele frequencies of the founders may be different from allele frequencies of the population they left
What is natural selection?
Organisms with better traits that are suited to their environment are more likely to survive, and then pass these traits onto their offspring
State four principles of natural selection
Variation- the members of a population differ from one another
Inheritance – many of the differences between individuals in the population are heritable genetic differences
Differential adaptedness– some differences affect how well an organism is adapted to its environment
Differential reproduction – better adapted individuals are more likely to reproduce
Explain the peppered moth observations during the industrial revolution
Dark coloured peppered moths were usually in lower population because they were easier for predators to spot on the light coloured birch trees however, due to increased pollution the birch trees were then a darker color, allowing for the dark colored, peppered, moths to camouflage, better, therefore increasing their population, and decreasing other population of moths
What is the difference in stabilizing directional and disruptive selection?
Stabilizing selection- occurs when extreme traits are eliminated and the intermediate trait is favoured
Example if a female has more eggs less survive
Directional selection– occurs when
an extreme trait is favored, the disruption curve shifts that direction example peppered moths
Disruptive selection – occurs when extreme traits are favored and can lead to more than one distinct form
Define artificial selection
Process in which desired traits of certain plants and animals are selected and passed on to future offspring
What are isolating factor of evolution? Explain each one
Geographical – features such as rivers or mountain ranges, isolate groups, movement of landmasses, by continental drift, led to geographical isolation, millions of years ago
Ecological – although groups are not geographically isolated from one another, they may be isolated by things, such as occupying, different habitats, or breeding areas salinity
Reproductive – breeding between groups within a population may not be possible because of differences in courtship behavior, physical differences, which prevent mating or failure of gametes to fuse together
Define gradualism, punctuated equilibrium, divergent evolution, co-evolution, conversion, evolution, mass, extinction, and evolutionary, arms race
Gradualism – slow process with many transitional forms
Punctuated equilibrium – speciation occurs rapidly transitional links, not evident, explains lack of fossils
Convergent evolution – species from different locations on earth evolve, similar traits they do not share close relatives, example, dolphin, and fish
Divergent evolution-also known as adaptive radiation members of a species evolve, and become more different, resulting into or more species
share common ancestors
Call evolution – a series of reciprocal changes in two or more non-interbreeding populations that have a close, ecological relationship act as agents of natural selection for each other mutualism is an example of co-evolution both species benefit
Mass extinction event in which a large percentage of living species become extinct in a relatively short period of time
Evolutionary, arms race – predator relationships, evolve, example, pray, finds other mechanisms to defend itself, while predators, find a better way to consume or hunt their prey
What characteristics do primates have in common?
Manual dexterity
Senses
Locomotion
Complex brains and behaviour
Reproductive rate
What groups did Homo sapiens evolve from?
Homo register
Homo erectus
Explain out of Africa hypothesis
Scientist, Christopher Stringer, and Peter Andrews, believe modern humans evolved only once in Africa, the migrated to all parts of the world displacing other hominins
