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Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

What did James Hutton believe?

A

He came up with uniforminism (earth changes slowly overtime), showed the Earth is really old, Darwin realized evolution had enough time to happen

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2
Q

What did Charles Lyell believe?

A

Expanded on principles of geology, show Darwin, that slow geological changes could apply to slow biological changes

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3
Q

What did George’s Cuvier believe in?

A

Studied fossils and catastrophism (earth changed from sudden disasters), show Darwin, that species weren’t permanent, extinction

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4
Q

What did Jean Baptiste Lamarck believe in?

A

Propose that organism’s change overtime by passing on acquired traits, he was wrong about how this happened

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5
Q

What did Thomas Malthus believe in?

A

Wrote about population growth, outpacing resources, Gave Darwin, the idea of struggle for survival

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6
Q

What is the Galapagos islands?

A

A group of 16 islands in Ecuador, daring, climates, unique animals, the beagle came to the islands in 1835

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7
Q

What were Darwin‘s observations on the tortoise and finches?

A

The finches had different beaks which adapted to their food gathering, realized they adapted their surroundings, collected fossils from many organisms and realize that the number of organisms of a species will increase overtime, but the population stays stable

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8
Q

What were Charles Darwin’s key observations?

A

Individuals of a population, bearing characteristics, everyone is different, the variation between individuals is inheritable

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9
Q

What were Charles Darwin’s key conclusions?

A

Too many individuals are born for the environment to support causing a struggle to survive, only some offspring are by each generation, individuals who inherit characteristics most fit for their environment are gonna leave more offspring

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10
Q

What is natural selection?

A

Individuals that have physical or behavioural traits that better suit their environment or more likely to survive and reproduce

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11
Q

What does natural selection act on?

A

The variety of phenotypes in a population

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12
Q

When does evolution occur?

A

When a population gene and frequency change over time creating new phenotypes

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13
Q

What is an allelic frequency?

A

The frequency of a specific allele

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14
Q

What can genetic changes be caused by?

A

Take me caused by mutations like environmental pollution, UV radiation, toxic chemicals

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15
Q

What can genetic changes overtime lead to?

A

They can lead to adaptations, which is an inherited characteristic that increases an organism survival

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16
Q

What are reasons for adaptation?

A

To find food and water, protect from predators, survival in harsh climate, reproduce successfully

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17
Q

What are the three types of adaptation?

A

Structural adaptation: physical features that helps them survive find food, protect themselves ( shell of armadillo)
Behavioural adaptation : behaviours to help them survive (hibernation in bears)
Physiological adaptation: body processes or functions that help them survive (toxins in a poison dart frog)

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18
Q

What will happen if a species does not adapt?

A

The species will not survive, it needs to adapt in order to live

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19
Q

What is natural selection?

A

When certain variation survive, reproduce, and pass on their variations to the next generation. It takes many generations to develop.

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20
Q

What is the driving mechanism behind the process of natural selection?

A

Genetic variation or differences in genes

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21
Q

What is natural variation?

A

The difference is among individuals and a species

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22
Q

What is artificial selection?

A

The selective breeding to enhance desired traits and dogs, cows and horses

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23
Q

Did humans evolve from apes?

A

Humans do not evolve from apes, rather apes and humans share a common ancestor

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24
Q

How do new species form from common ancestors?

A

If a species can reproduce, it can change overtime. These changes can create new species from a common ancestor.

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25
How can natural selection be observed?
Changes in body structure, ecological, niches, habitats, behaviours
26
What is evolution?
The gradual change in populations, genetic composition over generations
27
What are fossils?
Preserved remains and traces of organisms
28
What is the Lamarckism theory?
The theory that individuals could gain characteristics during your lifetime that help them survive, but this is proved to be not true
29
What is Darwinism?
The theory that individuals with traits that help them survive are more likely to reproduce and pass on those traits
30
What is comparative anatomy?
Similarities and differences and internal and external body structures
31
What are homologous structures?
Different externally, but linked to species to a common ancestor. Bone stay the same but form/function is different (pentadactyl limb)
32
What is an analogous structure?
Similar inform/function, but not the same ancestor (wings of a bird)
33
What is a vestigial structure?
Structures that are not functional anymore, but they were an ancestors (appendix)
34
What is comparative embryology?
The more closely related to species are the more similar to embryos are during early development
35
What are the shared features in vertebrae embryo?
Hollow, dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal pouch, notcord developed into spinal cord, post anal tail
36
What is molecular biology?
Fever, genetic differences in DNA
37
What is a fossil record?
Transitional fossils are old species that have traits from old and modern species
38
What are tiktalik?
Links, fish and tetrapod (four legged) vertebrae’s
39
What is archaeopteryx?
Shows features of reptiles and avians
40
What is geographic distribution?
closely related but different: isolation caused by physical adaptations, organisms have common ancestor Distantly related but similar : similar habitats and similar adaptations with different ancestors
41
What is a gene pool?
Genetic information of an entire population
42
What is a frequency?
The proportion of a specific allele in a population
43
What are the two main sources of genetic variation?
Sexual reproduction (meiosis, crossing over) Mutations (translocation, deletion)
44
What is microevolution?
Generation to generation change and a real frequency in a population
45
What is macroevolution?
Population don’t have the hardy Weinberg equilibrium, which is when the allele and genotype frequencies remain constant if there’s no mutation, gene flow or random mating
46
What is natural selection?
When selective forces can favour a certain variation in the phenotype of an individual
47
What are the types of natural selection?
Stabilizing selection: do genotypes of both extremes are selected against choosing the average for ideal trait Directional selection: one of the two extreme phenotypes are selected Disruptive selection: phenotype in the middle range are selected against. There’s a decrease an average ideal trait.
48
what is sexual selection?
Causes traits that help with attracting males, but can sometimes be harmful
49
What are the forms of sexual selection?
Female choice: pick the stronger male Male to male competition : compete to show who’s the strongest
50
What is genetic drift?
The change in genetic make up of a population by random. Small populations are more likely to have genetic drift.
51
What are the effects of genetic drift?
Founder effect: a few individuals from a large population leave to make a new one a frequency. The new population is different from the original. Bottleneck effect: dramatic but temporary decrease in population size. Only a few allele survive, and the frequency of new population may be different from the original.
52
What is gene flow?
The movement of alleles from one population to another because of migration. This reduces differences between them.
53
What is the species?
A group of organisms capable of inbreeding to produce fertile offspring. Different species have different numbers of chromosomes in their cells.
54
What is speciation?
The process of forming new species when populations become reproductively isolated
55
What is a zygote?
A single cell formed when an egg and sperm fused together in fertilization
56
What are pre-and post zygotic barriers?
Barriers to successful in breathing Pre zygotic: barriers that happen before zygote formation they prevent successful mating Post zygotic barrier: barriers that occur after a zygote has formed if species can interbreed informed zygote the chromosome will mismatch can cause problems
57
What are the types of pre-zygotic barriers?
Behavioural isolation: the two species have a different courtship Gametic isolation: two species have gays that can’t fertilize each other Temporal isolation : two species meet at different times Habitat isolation : two species prefer different habitats, and are unlikely to meet Mechanic isolation: two species have reproductive structures that are not compatible
58
Problems with post zygotic barriers?
The mismatch may be deadly for the embryo, the embryo may create an unhealthy individual, the embryo may create a healthy individual that’s infertile
59
What is allopatric speciation?
When populations of a species become geographically isolated, making populations evolve independently, becoming reproductively isolated can turn into different species
60
What is sympatric speciation?
When speciation happens without geographical isolation. The chromosome separation mistakes lead to polyploidy (multiple sets of chromosomes) causing them to not produce fertile offspring ( common in plants, deadly to animals
61
What is extinction?
Permanent death of an entire species
62
What are factors that can lead to extinction?
Speciation, competitors, predators, catastrophic event, change in the environment
63
What is a mass extinction event?
50% of a species die in a short period of time
64
When was the last mass extinction?
65 million years ago with the dinosaurs
65
What are the two types of speciation?
Gradualism: evolution of a species by gradual collection of small genetic changes over a long period of time Punctured equilibrium : evolution of a species by fast changes
66
What are patterns and evolution?
Divergent evolution: related species evolve in different ways because they face different environments, they become more and more different from each other Convergent evolution : unrelated species start to look or act alike because they live in similar environments and face the same challenges co-evolution : a species evolves because of the changes in other species
67
What’s cumulative selection?
The evolution of a simple structure into a more complex, one through small adaptations
68
What is a model?
An organism that has a real defense, well, the mimic copies, the model to also have protection
69
What is a hominoid?
Biggest group, have the largest brain brains, don’t have tails, have swinging arms (all apes and human)
70
What is a hominid?
A small group inside hominoid a family that includes great, apes and humans both current and fossils
71
What is a hominin?
Smallest group inside hominoid a tribe that includes humans and early ancestors not all hominins are our ancestors
72
What is a phylogeny?
The evolutionary history and relationship between species
73
What is a cladogram?
A diagram that shows how closely related species are to each other
74
What is a primate?
A type of mammal
75
What does bipedal mean?
It means to walk on two legs
76
How did hominins become bipedal?
Because climate change, taking away their habitats or forests. This caused chimpanzees to move to grass lanes where the grass was higher, needing them to stand upright to see and move.
77
What makes a human
Brain size, opposable, thumbs, tool use, childhood dependency
78
What is the D32 allele?
An allele that humans have that make them resistant to diseases like the plague, and improves resistance to HIV, people with the allele pass it to their children, Asia and Africa have fewer plagues so the D32 allele is rare there
79
What is Huntington’s disease?
A disease that appears in the late 40s after people have already had kids
80
What is genetic testing?
Testing that can detect disease causing alleles
81
How did agriculture start?
Agriculture started with planting, raising, and breeding desired crops, and animals. The main goal of agriculture is to produce as much food as possible.
82
What are pesticides?
Become less effective as plants evolve, resistance
83
What are refugia?
Untreated crops that are left without pesticides
84
What happens if we reduce genetic diversity and crops and livestock?
Crops are vulnerable to changes. The solution is to plant more species. Livestock are more vulnerable to disease, artificial insemination, and cloning lower diversity

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