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AP Biolgy > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

0
Q

Biogeography

A

Uses geography to describe the distribution of species.

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1
Q

Paleontology

A

Provides fossils that reveal the prehistoric existence of extinct species. They use c-14 to date them

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2
Q

Embryology

A

Reveals similar stages in the development among related species. The similarities help establish evolutionary relationships.

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3
Q

Comparative anatomy

A

Describes two kinds of structures that contribute to the identification of evolutionary relationships among species.
Ex: homologous structures
Analogous structures

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4
Q

Homologous structures

A

Body parts that resemble one another in different species because they had evolved from a common ancestor.

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5
Q

Vestigial

A

A body part that no longer serves any function

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6
Q

Analogous structures

A

Body parts that resemble one another in different species, not because they have evolved from a common ancestor, but because they evolved independently as adaptions to their environments.

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7
Q

Molecular biology

A

It examines the nucleotide and amino acid sequence of DNA and proteins from different species.

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8
Q

Natural selection

A

The difference in survival and reproduction among individuals in a population as a result of their interactions with the environment.
Inherits chances to adapt to the environment and to increase and individuals fitness, or relative ability to survive and leave offsprings.

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9
Q

Darwins theory of evolution by natural selection using the following arguments:

A
  1. Population possesses an enormous reproductive potential
  2. population size remained stable
  3. Resources are limited
  4. Individuals compete for survival
  5. There is variation among individuals in a population
  6. Much variation is heritable
  7. Only the most fit individuals survive
  8. Evolution occurs as a favorable traits is related in the population.
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10
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

Eliminates individuals that have Extreme or unusual traits

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11
Q

Directional selection

A

Favors traits that are at one extreme range of traits

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12
Q

Insecticide resistance

A

Occurs as a result of directional selection. Because traits of individuals very in a population some individuals may possess some degree of resistance to the insecticide.

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13
Q

Season creep

A

As a result of global climate change many habitats are experience seasonal creep, the shortening of winters and early arrivals of spring.

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14
Q

Industrial Melanism

A

The selection of dark-colored varieties in various species of moths as a result of individual population

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15
Q

Disruptive selection

A

Occurs when the environment favors extreme or unusual traits, while selecting against the common traits.

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16
Q

Sexual selection

A

The differential mating of males (some times females) in a population. Since females usually make a greater energy investment in producing offsprings then males, they can increase the fitness by increasing the quality of their offspring by choosing superior males. Males on the other hand, contribute little energy to the production.

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17
Q

Male competition

A

Leads to contest of strength that towards making opportunities to the strongest males, the evolution of antlers, horns, and ect.

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18
Q

Female choice

A

Lease two traits or behaviors and those that are attractive to females.

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19
Q

Sexual dimorphism

A

Differences in the appearance of males and females

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20
Q

Artificial selection

A

A form of directional selection carried out by humans when they want a Pacific trait in the organism, example breeding dogs

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21
Q

Mutations

A

Provide the raw material for new variation. All other contributed to variation, occur by rearranging existing alleles into new combinations. Mutations, however, can invent alleles that never before existed in the gene pool.

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22
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

Creates individuals with new combinations of alleles.

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23
Q

Genetic recombination’s

A

Originate from three events during sexual reproduction: crossing over, independent assortment of homologous , Random joining of gametes

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24
Q

Crossing over

A

Exchanges of DNA between non-sister chromatids of chromosomes, occur during prophase one of meiosis.

25
Q

Independent assortment of homologous

A

During metaphase one traits daughter cells with random combinations of material and paternal chromosomes.

26
Q

Random joining of gametes

A

During fertilization contributes to the diversity of genes combination in the zygote.

27
Q

Diploidy

A

The presence of two copies of each chromosome in a cell.

28
Q

Outbreeding

A

Or making with unrelated partners, increases the possibility of mixing different alleles and creating new little combinations.

29
Q

Balanced polymorphism

A

In the maintenance of different phenotypes in a population. Often, a single phenotype provides the best adaptions, wile the other phenotypes are less advantageous.

30
Q

Heterozygous advantage

A

Occurs when the heterozygous condition bears a greater selective advantage then either homozygous conditions. As a result, both alleles and all three phenotypes are maintained in the population by selection

31
Q

Hybrid vigor

A

Describes the Superior Quality of offsprings resulting from crosses between two different in breeds of plants. Far superior hybrid quality results from every piece of loci with heterozygous advantages.

32
Q

Frequency-dependent selection

A

Occurs when the least common phenotypes have a selective advantage. Common phenotypes are selected against. However, since rare phenotypes have a selective advantage, they soon increase in frequency and become common.

33
Q

Neutral variation

A

Variation with no selective value

34
Q

Monocultures

A

And agriculture reduced genetic variation because only a few varieties of the many wild varieties of a pea plant are used

35
Q

Overuse of antibiotics

A

Reduces variation in bacterial populations by eliminating those individuals that are suspectible to the antibiotics.

36
Q

Natural selection

A

The increase or decrease in allele frequencies due to the impact of the environment

37
Q

Mutations

A

Introduce new alleles that may provide a slutty advantage. In general, however, most mutations are harmful.

38
Q

Gene flow

A

Describes the movement of individuals between populations resulting in the removal of alleles from a population when they leave or introduced two new alleles when they enter.

39
Q

Genetic drift

A

A random increase or decrease of the alleles . In other words, some alleles may increase or decrease for no other reason then by chance.

40
Q

Founder effect

A

Occur when Allele frequencies in a group of migration individuals are, by chance, not the same as the population of origin.

41
Q

Bottleneck

A

Occurs when the population undergoes a genetic decrease in size

42
Q

Nonrandom mating

A

Occurs when individuals choose mates based upon their particular trait

43
Q

Traits that equilibrium can occur

A
  1. No natural selection
  2. Mutations do not occur
  3. The population must be isolated from other populations, no gene flow
  4. The population is large, no genetic drift
  5. Making is random
44
Q

Speciation

A

The formation of new species, occurs by the following process:

  1. Simpatico speciation
  2. Sympartric speciation
  3. Adaptive radiation
45
Q

Allopatric speciation

A

Begin population is divided by a geographic barriers so that interbreeding between the two resulting populations is prevented.

46
Q

Sympatric speciation

A

The formation of new species without the presence of a geographic barrier. This may happen in several different ways as follows:

  1. Balance polymorphism
  2. Polyploidy
  3. hybridization
47
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

The relative rapid evolution of many species from a single ancestor. It occurs when the ancestral species is introduced to an area where the numbers geography or conditions are available

48
Q

Prezgotic isolating mechanisms

A
  1. Habitat isolations
  2. Temporal isolation
  3. Behavioral isolation
  4. Mechanical isolation
  5. Gametic isolation
49
Q

Postzygotic isolating mechanism

A

6 hybrid inviability

  1. Hybrid sterility
  2. Hybrid breakdown
50
Q

What are the two categories of isolating mechanism.

A

Prezygotic isolating mechanism
&
Postzygotic isolating mechanism

51
Q

Divergent evolution

A

Describes two or more species that originate from a common ancestor and becomes increasingly different overtime.

52
Q

Convergent evolution

A

Describes two unrelated species that share similar traits.

53
Q

Parallel evolution

A

Describes to related species or two related lineages that have made some more evolutionary changes after their divergence from a common ancestor.

54
Q

Coevolution

A

It is the tit-for-Tat evolution of one species in the response of a new adaption that appears another specie.

55
Q

Microevolution

A

Describes the details of how populations of an organisms change from generation to generation and how new species originate.

56
Q

Macroevolution

A

Describes general patterns of change in groups of related species that have occurred over brought periods of geological time.

57
Q

Phyletic gradualism

A

Argues that evolution occurs by the gradual accumulation of small changes.

58
Q

Punctuated equilibrium

A

Argues that evolutionary history consists of geological long periods of statistic with little or no evolution, interpreted, or punctuated, bye geologically short periods of rapid evolution raging over 10,000s of years.

59
Q

Chemical evolution

A

Evolution that describes the process that are believed to have contributed to the formation of the first living thing
1. The earth and his atmosphere formed 4.6 billion years ago
2. The primordial seas formed
3. Organic molecules were synthesized
4. Polymers and self replicating molecules were synthesized
5. Organic molecules were contracted and isolated into protobonts.
6. Primitive heterotrophic prokaryotes formed about 3.9 bya
7primitive autotrophic prokaryotes were formed
8. Oxygen in the ozone layer forms and abiotic chemical evolution ended
9. Eukaryotes formed

AP Biolgy (12 decks)

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