Evolution

Question 1

Adaptations

Answer 1

the working parts - the fundamental systems and subsystems - that animals are made up of.

biological traits that help an animal to survive and reproduce in its habitat. they perform a specific function that make an organism better suited to its environment.

Question 2

Relevant adaptations

Answer 2

processes that are capable of accomplishing certain tasks that allow us to see, hear and respond to stimuli

Question 3

Adaptationists

Answer 3

describe how hypotheses about adaptive function guide investigations

Question 4

Adaptive Functions of Mental Activity

Answer 4

Selective attention
Memory Encoding
Mental Retrieval
Word Recognition

Question 5

Natural Selection

Answer 5

differential survival and reproduction of organisms as a result of the heritable differences between them - one of the four basic mechanisms of evolution

Question 6

3 Essential Components of Natural Selection

Answer 6

Individual Differences
Differential Reproduction
Heritable

Question 7

Individual Differences

Answer 7

within any population, there is variation among individuals for an given characteristic

Question 8

Differential Reproduction

Answer 8

Caused by individual differences to affect individuals’ chances of surviving and reproducing - some individuals will have more offspring than others

Question 9

Heritable

Answer 9

traits that five rise to differential reproduction have a genetic basis. The offspring of successful reproducers will resemble their parents with respect to these variable characteristics

Question 10

Selective Transmission

Answer 10

specific characteristics that are best adapted for survival and reproduction are going to be reproduces at higher rates (as this continues, adaptively undesirable traits are weeded out)

Question 11

Stabilizing Selection

Answer 11

selection against any sort of departure from the species-typical adaptive design

• keeps traits stable over generations
• selection favours a-typical traits when there has been a significant change in the environment

Question 12

Darwin’s Finches

Answer 12

drought left only big seeds - large beaks are desirable - they survive to reproduce (small beaks die out)
end of drought led to more small seeds - small beaks are favourable - average beak size returns to normal

Question 13

Survival of the Fittest

Answer 13

misleading because natural selection doesn’t necessarily favour those who are best at surviving, but also those who are best at reproducing

Question 14

Darwinian Fitness

Answer 14

average reproductive success of a genotype relative to alternative genotypes (fitness in evolutionary biology does not equal physical fitness)

Question 15

Evolution

Answer 15

change in genefrequencies over generations - the competition between genotypes to leave copies of themselves

Question 16

Sexual Selection

Answer 16

the component on natural selection that acts on traits that influence an organism’s ability to obtain a mate. Often no help for survival but contributes to fitness via increased chances of mating

• peacock’s display
• elk courting

Question 17

Subtypes of Sexual Selection

Answer 17

Female Choice: being chosen by the opposite sex (more attractive)
Success in Combat: defeating same-sex rivals in mating competition

Question 18

Signs of Sexually Selective Traits

Answer 18

anatomical trait differentiation between sexes

differences existing only during breeding season

Question 19

Species-Typical Behaviour

Answer 19

physical form
habitat preference
group size
social system

Question 20

Behaviour Genetics Experiments

Answer 20

keep animals in captivity and selectively breed based on behavioural traits

• can change typical behaviour in a few generations
• animals with short generation times are desired for experiments (usually fruit flies)

Question 21

Types of Social Behaviour

Answer 21

Cooperation
Altruism
Selfishness
Spite

Question 22

Cooperation

Answer 22

positive effect on recipient’s well being; positive effect on actor’s well being

Question 23

Altruism

Answer 23

positive effect on recipient’ well being; negative effect on actor’s well being

behaviour in which the actor incurs a cost to provide a benefit for the recipient

Question 24

Selfishness

Answer 24

negative effect on recipient’s well being; positive effect on actor’s well being

Question 25

Spite

Answer 25

negative effect on recipient's well being; negative effect on actor's well being

Question 26

Group Selection

Answer 26

selection favours the good of the group as a side effect of favouring the good of the individual (this does not explain the good of the gene nor does it explain altruism)

Question 27

Lemings

Answer 27

myth about suicidal population control one gene for altruistic suicide and one for selfish restraint - the on that leads to altruism will die in the bodies of their suicidal bearers

Question 28

Eusocial Hymenoptera

Answer 28

includes all ants, some bees and some wasps | most individuals spend their lives serving the colony without reproducing

Question 29

W.D. Hamilton

Answer 29

troubled by altruism because he believed that standard accounts of natural selection could never code for self sacrifice - realized that genes for altruism could be successful if they left identical copies of themselves

Question 30

Inclusive Fitness

Answer 30

Direct fitness + indirect fitness natural selection can favour behaviours that lead to your own reproductive success, but also behaviours that increase the reproductive success of close genetic kin

Question 31

Direct Fitness

Answer 31

fitness from personal reproduction

Question 32

Indirect Fitness

Answer 32

fitness from the reproduction of close genetic relatives

Question 33

Hamilton's Rule

Answer 33

rB>C the reproductive benefit to the recipients (B) multiplied by the probability that the recipients actually have identical copies of the same gene, or coefficient of relatedness (r), must be greater than the reproductive cost to the actor (C)

Question 34

Relatedness

Answer 34

probability that actor and recipient share the gene in question (REVIEW SPECIFICS)

Question 35

Dr. Daley and Dr. Wilson

Answer 35

found that genetic kin are rarely involved in homicide - child abuse rates are higher amongst step-children than biological children

Question 36

Mechanisms of Kin Recognition

Answer 36

Neighbours as Likely Kin Alarm Calls Cues of Kinship

Question 37

Neighbours as Likely Kin

Answer 37

in organisms with limited migration, neighbours are more likely to be close kin - be altruistic towards individuals that are spatially close to you

Question 38

Alarm Calls

Answer 38

altruistic warming of approaching predators

Question 39

Cues of Kinship

Answer 39

mother's association, co-residence with other children

Question 40

Phenotype Matching

Answer 40

an evaluation of relatedness between individuals based on an assessment of phenotypic similarity

Question 41

De Bruine's Matching Game - Monetary Gains

Answer 41

player 1 maximizes gains if she trusts player 2; player 2 acts unselfishly player 2 maximizes gains if player 1 trusts her and then acts sefishly

Question 42

De Bruine's Matching Game - Prediction

Answer 42

player 1 will be more trusting of a player 2 who resembles, compared to one who doesn't (in the experiment, a morphed photo was used)

Question 43

De Bruine's Matching Game - Results

Answer 43

subjects were more trusting when face looked like theirs

Question 44

Direct Reciprocity

Answer 44

individuals help each other and both benefit

Question 45

Indirect Reciprocity

Answer 45

when individuals help those who ave helped others