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Julia's Biology Final > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

What is evolution?

A

The gradual change of organisms over time

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2
Q

What are three examples of evidence of evolution from living things?

A
  1. Anatomical Similarities
  2. Embryological Similarities
  3. Biochemical Similarities
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3
Q

What is a fossil? Where are they found?

A

A trace or remain of an organism preserved by natural processes. Usually found in sedimentary rock

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4
Q

What does comparative anatomy study?

A

Structural similarities and differences among living things.

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5
Q

What is a homologous structure? Why is it important?

A

Parts of different organisms that have similar structure and development. This is evidence that some species evolved from a common ancestor.

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6
Q

What is an analogous structure?

A

Structures that have similar external features but different internally, like wings on both birds and bugs.
NOT EVIDENCE of a common ancestor.

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7
Q

What is a vestigial structure?

A

Remnant of structures that were functional in an ancestor, but in modern organisms are reduced in size and don’t really have a function.

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8
Q

Why are embryological similarities important?

A

Embryos of closely related species show similar patterns of development.
Ex: Early development of fish, turtles, pigs, and humans are similar, indicating a common ancestor
The more closely related the species, the more they resemble each other during development

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9
Q

What are biochemical similarities?

A

The closer the evolutionary relationship between the two species, the more alike their DNA and their proteins will be.
Ex. Amino acids in hemoglobin of closely related species are nearly identical

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10
Q

What was Jean Baptiste de Lamarck’s theory of evolution?

A
  1. The law of Use and Disuse - the more an animal uses a part of the body, the stronger and better developed it is, and the less it is used the weaker it gets
  2. The inheritance of acquired characteristics - characteristics that an individual develops through use and disuse could be passed on to offspring
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11
Q

What was Jean Baptiste de Lamarck’s theory about giraffes’ necks?

A

Their ancestors had short necks and fed on grass. Food supply decreased, and giraffes had to stretch their necks to reach food higher up, so their necks became longer, and this trait was passed on to their offspring, and over time the giraffes neck became longer and longer

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12
Q

What did August Weismann think about Lamarck’s theory of evolution?

A

He disproved it - he cut the tails off of mice for 22 generations, but in the next generation the mice were always born with tails

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13
Q

What are the six parts of Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution?

A 
Overproduction
Competition
Variation
Adaptations 
Natural Selection
Speciation
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14
Q

What does OVERPRODUCTION mean in Darwin’s theory of evolution?

A

most species produce more offspring than needed

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15
Q

What does COMPETITION mean in Darwin’s theory of evolution?

A

living space and food are limited, so offspring have to compete for survival

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16
Q

What does VARIATION mean in Darwin’s theory of evolution?

A

Characteristics of individuals of a species may differ in certain traits
Some may be unimportant, but others may affect an individual’s ability to get food, escape enemies, or find mates

17
Q

What does are ADAPTATIONS in Darwin’s theory of evolution?

A

Any variation that improves an individual’s chance of survival
The individual with the most favorable adaptations will have highest chance of surviving and reproducing

18
Q

What does NATURAL SELECTION mean?

A

based on the environment, the individuals with the most favorable adaptations reproduce and pass these traits to their offspring

19
Q

What is SPECIATION in Darwin’s theory of evolution?

A

favorable adaptations accumulate in the species, and unfavorable ones disappear. Eventually the changes are so great that the result is a new species

20
Q

How did giraffes get their long necks, according to Darwin?

A

Although most giraffes had short necks, variations existed among the population and there were some with long necks. When grace was scarce, the long necked ones survived because they were able to obtain food. Their offspring then inherited the long neck trait

21
Q

What does the theory of GRADUALISM describe?

A

That evolution occurs slowly and continuously over millions of years
This is Darwin’s theory

22
Q

What is punctuated equilibrium?

A

A species stays the same for extended periods of time, and then in a short period of time there is rapid evolution.
The fossil record supports this because there are transitional forms missing

23
Q

What is Industrial Melanism? (Moths, industry.) How did this happen because of natural selection?

A

Before industrial revolution, had mostly light moths; dark moths were rare. Then, the industrial revolution meant that heavy smoke darkened the trees and within 40 years, 99% of moths were dark. Still had light moths in nonindustrial areas
Natural Selection: the ones that could blend in weren’t eaten

24
Q

What did Esther and Joshua Lederberg find about bacterial resistance to antibiotics?

A

That resistance happened once antibiotics started being used more often because of natural selection.
They did an experiment with E. coli, and found that over time, if there was a bacterium that started out immune, by the end they covered the Petri dish - selecting for bacterial colonies that already were resistant

25
Q

How does insect resistance to DDT relate to natural selection?

A

The insects that weren’t immune to DDT died out, only leaving the ones that are immune, and those bugs breed, creating insect populations resistant to DDT

26
Q

What is BIOGENESIS?

A

Living things originate from other living things

27
Q

What is the HETEROTROPH HYPOTHESIS? (A.I. Oparin)

A

Early earth atmosphere had hydrogen, water vapor, ammonia, and methane, and was a lot hotter. There were many sources of energy present (radiation, UV light and X-rays from the sun), which allowed complex organic compounds to form.
Proven by Stanley Miller and Harold Urey

28
Q

How did Stanley Miller prove the Heterotroph Hypothesis?

A

He set up an experiment with an apparatus that had the four gases present at early earth, boiled water into the apparatus, and had it run for a week. By the end, the contents had made organic compounds! Over time, the simple compounds made complex ones, like amino acids getting together to make proteins

29
Q

Describe the first living “cell.”

A

Organic compounds started to AGGREGATE (group together), surrounded by a shell of water molecules that acted like a membrane that kept the inside separate from the outside. As they became more complex, they developed the ability to perform reactions, and once they could release energy, they could grow

30
Q

Describe the first kind of cells - PROKARYOTIC HETEROTROPHIC ANAEROBES. What does that mean?

A

They were small simple cells without a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
They obtained energy by consuming or eating organic materials
They performed fermentation to be able to release energy

31
Q

What happened in early earth when the organic food ran out?

A

Natural selection happened, and autotrophic cells were selected for because they produce their own food by photosynthesis.

32
Q

How did autotrophic cells allow aerobic cells to evolve?

A

Autotrophs released oxygen, which allowed cells to perform aerobic respiration, which makes more energy than fermentation

33
Q

How did autotrophic cells allow for the development of an atmosphere?

A

They released oxygen, which was split by the sun to make ozone, which protected the surface of the earth and allowed organisms to move to land.

34
Q

What is the endosymbiotic theory?

A

Mitochondria and chloroplasts used to be their own prokaryotic cells, and were taken in by other prokaryotic cells but not broken down. This was a symbiotic relationship, and today those are the eukaryotic cells

Julia's Biology Final (7 decks)

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