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Evolution Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

Evolution

A

A genetic change in a population over generations

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2
Q

Population

A

A group, within a species, of interbreeding individuals and their offspring, in the same geographic location

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3
Q

Darwin’s Model of Evolution By Natural Selection Observation 1

A

Organisms have great potential fertility, which permits exponential growth of populations

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4
Q

Darwin’s Model of Evolution By Natural Selection Observation 2

A

Natural populations normally don’t increase exponentially but remain fairly constant in size

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5
Q

Darwin’s Model of Evolution By Natural Selection Observation 3

A

Natural resources are limited

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6
Q

Darwin’s Model of Evolution By Natural Selection Inference 1

A

A struggle for existence occurs among organisms in a population

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7
Q

Darwin’s Model of Evolution By Natural Selection Observation 4

A

Variation occurs among organisms within populations

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8
Q

Darwin’s Model of Evolution By Natural Selection Observation 5

A

Variation is heritable

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9
Q

Darwin’s Model of Evolution By Natural Selection Inference 2

A

Varying organisms show differential survival and reproduction, favouring advantageous traits (= natural selection)

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10
Q

Darwin’s Model of Evolution By Natural Selection Inference 3

A

Natural selection,acting over many generations, gradually produces new adaptations and new species

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11
Q

Evolution by Natural Selection

A

Evolutionary change is caused by differential survival and reproduction among organisms differing in hereditary traits

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12
Q

How Do New Traits Arise?

A

Mutations in genes and chromosomes produce new variations which are passed on to subsequent generations

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13
Q

How Are New Genetic Combinations Created?

A

Crossing over during meiosis

Sexual reproduction

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14
Q

Gene

A

The unit of inheritance affecting the characteristics of a trait

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15
Q

Allele

A

One of two or more alternative expressions of a gene

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16
Q

Gene Pool

A

All genes in the eggs and sperm in a population

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17
Q

Genotype

A

The genetic makeup of an individual

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18
Q

Phenotype

A

The expression of the genotype and environment

Phenotype = genotype + environment

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19
Q

Fitness

A

Fitness = survival + reproductive success

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20
Q

Artificial Selection (Domestication)

A

Humans select desired traits

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21
Q

Sexual Selection

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A

Selection of traits that give an individual an advantage in attracting mates, even if these traits are neutral or harmful for survival
- Major morphological differences between the sexes within a species

22
Q

Selection Pressures - Biotic Factors

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A

Competition
Predation
Disease

23
Q

Selection Pressures - Abiotic Factors

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A

Climate
Topography
Habitat

24
Q

Selection Pressures

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A

Act on the phenotype
Act in all stages of the life cycle
May act for many generations

25
Stabilising Selection
Selects against extreme phenotypes
26
Directional Selection
Phenotypic character shifts in one direction
27
Disruptive Selection
Selects against average phenotypes
28
Species
Members defend from a common ancestral population Interbreeding occurs within a species but not among different species Genotype and phenotype within a species is similar
29
Speciation
The evolutionary process or event by which new species arise 1. No barrier: one species 2. Barrier allows differences to develop in two populations 3. Differences so that two species are evident 4. When barrier is removed, species don’t interbreed
30
Small-Scale Evolution
Changes in gene frequency in a population from one generation to the next
31
Large-Scale Evolution
The descent of different species from a common ancestor over many generations
32
Gradualism
Large differences in anatomical traits that characterise species originate through the accumulation of many small incremental changes over very long periods of time
33
Punctuated Equilibrium
Long periods of evolution are stasis (no change) followed by relatively short periods of rapid evolutionary change
34
Stratigraphy
Fossils in deeper rock are older that those above and their position within these rock layers gives them a chronological age relative to older (deeper) or younger (surface) fossils
35
Fossil Record
If the species were created independently there would be no order to the fossil record The fossil record is a dated sequence of morphological change
36
Fossil Record - Evolutionary Trends
Are directional changes in features and diversity of organisms Evidence for perpetual change, common ancestry and anagenesis Evidence of intermediate forms Evidence of evolutionary stability Evidence for evolutionary failure (dinosaurs)
37
Anagenesis
Change within a lineage
38
Cladogenesis
A branching change of of the lineage
39
Comparative Anatomy
The study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of different species
40
Common Ancestor
Species Charing a common ancestor will have some features in common
41
Homologies
Similar structures due to common ancestor. - Forelimbs of a bat,mole and dugong are similar - Vertebrate forelimb: underlying pattern of the forelimb is fundamentally the smae
42
Phylogenetic Constraint
Evolution is constrained by ancestry - A species may inherit particular traits or developmental systems that constrain the possible variation that forms the basis for new adaptations
43
Comparative Embryology (Features in Vertebrate Embryology)
Evidence for: - Homologies: Common ancestry - Phylogenetic constraint
44
Vestigial Features
Features that have become reduced in a species as they no longer serve a purpose - Wisdom teeth
45
Atavistic Features
When ancestral features appear in modern species
46
Analogous Features
Similar features evolve independently through similar environmental selection Pressures - Eg. Sharks, Ichthyosaurs and Porpoises adapted from different species to result in similar features/traits
47
Convergent Evolution
Organisms that have converged in the same idea, from different ancestors. Seperate lineages that were quite different become similar because of similar lifestyles
48
Homoplasy
Homoplastic structures are similar in appearance (homologous or analogous)
49
Adaptive Radiation
Evolution of several ecologically diverse species from a common ancestral species
50
Biotic Selection Pressures
Competition Predation Disease
51
Abiotic Selection Pressures
Climate Topography Habitat
52
Selection Pressures
Act in phenotype in all stages of the life cycle for many generations

ANHB (2 decks)

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