Evolution and Adaptation

Question 1

What is virulence?

Answer 1

The harmfulness of a pathogen (based on the rate of reproduction/production of toxins)

Question 2

What is the cause of sickness in a personalistic medical system?

Answer 2

Supernatural forces aimed at the patient

An active agent directs the sickness, they are not sick by chance

Question 3

This man co-read papers on natural selection with Darwin at the Linnean society

Answer 3

Wallace

Question 4

In which relationship are the host and organism mutually unharmed, and the organism alone gains some sort of benefit?

Answer 4

Commensalism

Question 5

Contributions to evolutionary theory from the field of paleontology include…

Answer 5

Hook - using a microscope to look at fossils, discovered that they had the same structure as current species and were once living

Cuvier - discovered that early forms of species were different than later and current forms

Question 6

The 2 main types of medical systems…

Answer 6

Personalistic

Naturalistic

Question 7

What is pathogen success a result of?

Answer 7

Natural selection

Question 8

Which modes of transmission generally have a higher virulence?

Answer 8

Vector and food/water borne

Question 9

In which relationship are the host and organism mutually unharmed, but the host alone gains some sort of benefit?

Answer 9

Symbiosis

Question 10

The acquired immune response, part of our physiological adaptation to disease, includes…

Answer 10

The immune response from memory B-cells, such as with vaccines

Question 11

Which modes of transmission generally have a lower virulence?

Answer 11

Airborne and contact

Question 12

When irreversible morphological and/or physiological changes develop in infancy and childhood, such as barrel-shaped chests in high altitudes, in response to environmental stimuli

Answer 12

Developmental adaptations

Question 13

The etiology will impact how society…

Answer 13

adapts to a disease

Question 14

In which medical system might the healer enter a trance to find out what caused the disease and how to treat it?

Answer 14

Personalistic

Question 15

What is an example of a genetic adaptation to a disease?

Answer 15

Sickle cell - a mutation that, in the heterozygous form, protects from malaria

Question 16

Which relationship is the host harmed with a benefit to the organism?

Answer 16

Pathogenecity

Question 17

When adaptive responses take place due to the fact that we can think and respond to our environment

Answer 17

Behavioral adaptations

Question 18

In which medical system is it more likely that the patient will self diagnose, and then alert the healer in their persuit of treatment (usually balancing or medication)?

Answer 18

Naturalistic

Question 19

The genetic makeup of an organism, or cumulative sum of alleles

Answer 19

Genotype

Question 20

Linneaus’ contribution to evolutionary theory was…

Answer 20

binomial nomenclature

Question 21

In which relationship are the host and organism mutually unharmed, and both gain some sort of benefit?

Answer 21

Mutualism

Question 22

How is prevention of disease different in personalistic and naturalistic medical systems?

Answer 22

Personalistic prevention requires positive action, i.e. carrying good luck charms or not making anyone angry

Naturalistic prevention is expected by society, i.e. the lists of dos and don’ts to stay healthy

Question 23

Any intervention used to heal someone or prevent disease and illness

Answer 23

Treatment modality

Question 24

What is infectivity?

Answer 24

The ability of a pathogen to invade and reproduce in a host

Question 25

Explain the 3 phases of virulence evolution

Answer 25

1. At first contact, the pathogen is not yet adapted to humans and virulence will be too high (i.e. rabies) 2. The pathogen will establish itself in the host, but virulence will still be too high or low (i.e. AIDS or leprosy) 3. The pathogen will become established with optimal virulence, which generally depends on the mode of transmission

Question 26

What impacts a pathogen's infectivity?

Answer 26

The environment (the pathogen's access to the host)

Question 27

What is a parasite?

Answer 27

A pathogen that creates a pathological process in their human host

Question 28

Basic unit of inheritance Offspring obtain one from each parent, resulting in 2 copies of each

Answer 28

Genes

Question 29

What do therapeutic modalities rely on?

Answer 29

Etiology Available resources in the environment Acceptance by society

Question 30

Short-term responses to environmental stimuli, such as shivering or getting a tan

Answer 30

Physiological adaptations

Question 31

The cause of a disease

Answer 31

Etiology

Question 32

The physical expression of a genotype Can be influenced by environmental factors

Answer 32

Phenotype

Question 33

Who discovered, through methodical experiments on pea plants, the concept of inheritance via genes and alleles?

Answer 33

Mendel

Question 34

Examples of behavioral adaptations to disease include...

Answer 34

Sanitation projects, toilets, improved water quality, increased antibiotic use, increased vaccine use

Question 35

Of the 4 main types of adaptations, which do humans use to adapt to _diseases_?

Answer 35

Genetic Physiological Behavioral _NOT DEVELOPMENTAL_

Question 36

The _passive_ immune response, part of our physiological adaptation to disease, includes...

Answer 36

Immunities passed from one person to another, such as with breastfeeding or certain specific vaccines

Question 37

What does the etiology accepted by society rely on?

Answer 37

The society's understanding of the body The society's understanding of health and sickness

Question 38

This theory in demography paved the way for Darwin's theory of natural selection

Answer 38

Malthus' theory of checks and balances, extreme population reproduction, and competition for resources

Question 39

Our immune response is what type of adaptation to disease?

Answer 39

Physiological adaptation

Question 40

The blending or simultaneous practice of medical systems

Answer 40

Medical pluralism

Question 41

What impacts a pathogen's virulence?

Answer 41

Natural selection (many pathogens compete and can evolve quickly to reach optimal virulence)

Question 42

What is the "evolutionary trade off?"

Answer 42

More virulence will result in less infectivity, since the host dies sooner Less virulence results in higher infectivity, since host has more time to walk around infecting people **Virulence goes through phases of evolution in order to achieve optimal balance with infectivity levels**

Question 43

The study of how different cultures think about disease and healing, and how they organize themselves towards treatment

Answer 43

Medical systems

Question 44

Populations evolve, but people...

Answer 44

adapt People _can not_ evolve - evolution is a change in gene frequency in a POPULATION over time

Question 45

List the 5 points of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection

Answer 45

1. Species can reproduce faster than their resources 2. All things show variation 3. All individuals struggle to survive, and those with favorable variations have the advantage 4. Variations are heritable (favorable and unfavorable traits will be passed to offspring) 5. Successive inheritance of favorable variations over vast stretches of time produce new species

Question 46

One or more versions of a gene Can be dominant or recessive

Answer 46

Alleles

Question 47

Why do organisms like bacteria, viruses, and protozoa rely on human hosts to survive?

Answer 47

They can not produce certain things they need to live, like amino acids, and rely on us to get them

Question 48

The 3 main components of each medical system...

Answer 48

1. Theory of etiology 2. Method of diagnosis 3. Treatment modalities

Question 49

Describe Lamarck's contribution to evolutionary theory

Answer 49

Inheritance of acquired characteristics - that characteristics gained by adults over time, such as strength or the idea that giraffes lengthen their necks by stretching, could be passed on to offspring

Question 50

The 4 main types of adaptations are...

Answer 50

Genetic Developmental Physiological Behavioral

Question 51

Hutton and Lyell contributed to evolutionary theory with the principle of "uniformitarianism," which is...

Answer 51

That the same natural laws and processes operating in the universe now have always operated in the universe in the past and apply everywhere in the universe

Question 52

What is the cause of sickness in a naturalistic medical system?

Answer 52

A natural force Something in nature, either inside or outside the body

Question 53

What is antibiotic resistance a result of?

Answer 53

**Human behavior impacting the virulence/transmission trade off** Antibiotics artificially select for strains with natural resistance by killing non-resistant strains

Question 54

When changes to genes, due to mutations passed onto offspring, make an organism more adapted to its environment

Answer 54

Genetic adaptation

Question 55

The _innate_ immune response, part of our physiological adaptation to disease, includes...

Answer 55

The barriers we are all born with, such as skin and mucous, and all inflammatory responses

Question 56

What is adaptation?

Answer 56

The evolutionary process whereby a population becomes better suited to its environment

Question 57

What must pathogens do to survive and reproduce?

Answer 57

Infect a host Beat the immune system long enough to reproduce Transmit offspring to another host