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Biology > Evolution and Genetics > Flashcards

Evolution and Genetics Flashcards

(74 cards)

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1
Q

Co-dominance

A

a trait where two dominant alleles are expressed at the same time

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2
Q

Allele

A

one of a number of different forms of a gene

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3
Q

Divergent Species (a speciation)

A

two species share a common ancestor but both are different from that ancestor

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4
Q

Order for Mitosis

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokineses

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5
Q

Mitosis

A

part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides

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6
Q

Prophase

A

the genetic material inside the nucleus condenses and the chromosomes become visible

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7
Q

Metaphase

A

chromosomes line up across the center of the cell

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8
Q

Anaphase

A

the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell

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9
Q

Telophase

A

the distinct individual chromosomes begin to spread out into a tangle of chromatin

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10
Q

Cytokineses

A

division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells

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11
Q

Eye color is an example of a…

A

phenotype (physical characteristics)

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12
Q

The result of meiosis is…

A

4 different haploid cells

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13
Q

Human sperm and egg cells have __ chromosomes

A

23

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14
Q

DNA Helicase

A

unzips the two DNA strands

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15
Q

Nucleotides are made up of…

A

a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

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16
Q

Ploidy refers to…

A

the number of sets of chromosomes present

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17
Q

X and Y chromosomes are called…

A

sex chromosomes

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18
Q

Why is penicillin not as effective at treating bacterial infections as it once was?

A

Bacteria populations have evolved

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19
Q

Heterozygous

A

having two different alleles for a particular gene

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20
Q

Homozygous

A

having two identical alleles for a particular gene

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21
Q

Punctuated Equilibrium (pattern of evolution)

A

long stable periods are interrupted by brief periods of more rapid change

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22
Q

Half Life

A

the amount of time it takes for half of a radioactive isotope to decay into its daughter element

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23
Q

The DNA in eukaryotic cells is packages into structures that are called…

A

chromosomes

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24
Q

Gradualism

A

evolution that is slow but constant

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25
Genotype
the genetic makeup of an organism
26
Mendel
"father of genetics"
27
When genes are located only in the X chromosome...
that means the gene is sex-linked
28
The types of cells that are produced in meiosis are
sex cells
29
During metaphase...
chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
30
In humans, eye color is determined by more than one gene. Therefore eye color is what type of trait?
Polygenic
31
A purebred male poodle is crossed with a purebred female golden retriever. The offspring are considered what generation?
F1 generation
32
Meiosis results in
a cell with 1/2 the number of chromosomes as a normal cell
33
The half-life of U-238 is 4.47 billion years. If a rock is aged to be about 9 billion years old, approximately what proportion of the U-238 has been decayed to lead-206?
3/4
34
Genetic disorders are caused by...
Non-disjunction, Mendelian inheritance, and non-Mendelian inheritance
35
A scientific theory...
is used to explain natural phenomena through groups of hypotheses that have been tested and point to a common idea
36
Populations of the same species that live in different places
become increasingly different as each becomes adapted to its own environment
37
How many Carbon atoms are in one molecule of glucose (C6H12O6)?
6
38
In order to fit within a cell, DNA becomes more compact by...
wrapping tightly around proteins
39
Traits can move from one population to another due to...
Gene flow, such as when birds migrate to a new environment
40
When is genetic variation acheived in meiosis and fertilization?
Crossing over, independant assortment, and random fertilization
41
Female chromosomes
XX
42
Long chains of amino acids are found in
proteins
43
The phenotypic ratio be of the offspring of two heterozygous individuals
3:1
44
Enzymes, control molecules, are examples of...
proteins
45
A family history that shows how a trait is inherited over time is a...
Pedigree
46
Molecules of ___ inside cells encode information to direct their growth and development.
DNA
47
The DNA in eukaryotic cells is packaged into structures that are called...
chromosomes
48
Which of the following statements best describes the function of DNA....
storing genetic information and ensuring the passing on of this genetic information to daughter cells
49
Natural selection could not occur without...
genetic variation in species
50
The types of cells that are produced in meiosis are...
sex cells
51
Hemophilia is a sex-linked trait. A boy inherits the disease, what is true?
His mom has at least one allele of the hemophilia gene
52
People with blood type AB are called the __________ becuase they can get any type of blood
universal receiver
53
DNA and RNA are examples of...
nucleic acids
54
Transcription
the production from RNA to DNA
55
Haploid means...
half set of chromosomes
56
If a person inherits an A type and an O type from parents...
their blood type is A
57
If one parent is heterozygous, and the other parent is homozygous recessive, what is the probability of having a heterozygous offspring?
50%
58
Hydrogen Bonds
hold together the two complimentary strands of DNA
59
A fossil that has 15 units of C -14 and 105 units of N -14, how old is the fossil?
17,190 years
60
The Law of Independent Assortment indicates that...
alleles of different genes separate independently of one another during meiosis
61
In order to maintain homeostasis...
the processes osmosis and diffusion need to also be happening
62
Molecules of ___ inside cells encode info to direct their growth and development
DNA
63
Eye color is polygenic because...
it is determined by more than one gene
64
Karyotype
line up of all the chromosomes from largest to smallest
65
The end result of meiosis is...
4 different haploid cells (all cells produced are sex cells)
66
RNA differs from DNA in that RNA...
has the nitrogenous base Uracil
67
If a heterozygous individual self-fertilizes, the probability of having purple offspring (recessive) is...
25%
68
Punctuated Equilibrium
quick changes with periods of no changes
69
In the case of genetic drift, organisms survive and reproduce due to...
random chance
70
PICTURE- If affected individuals show the recessive trait, what is the genotype of individual #2 in the 1st generation (I)?
heterozygous
71
A person that is heterozygous for Type A marries a person that is heterozygous for type B. What are the chances that they will have children that are type AB?
25%
72
The dominant form of the PTC gene is for tasting PTC. If your mom doesn't taste PTC, then there is no chance for you to taste PTC.
false
73
Which of the following is necessary for natural selection to occur?
all of the above
74
Colorblind scenario
0%

Biology (6 decks)

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