Evolution And Inheritance Flashcards
(98 cards)
1
Q
What did Gregor Mendel discover?
A
Characteristics are determined by ‘units’ that are inherited and don’t blend together
2
Q
What is the order of Carl Linneaus classification system?
A
Kingdom (kids)
Phylum (prefer)
Class (chips)
Order (over)
Family (fat)
Genus (greasy)
Species (sausages)
3
Q
Who discovered the classification system?
A
Carl Linneaus
4
Q
What is the three domain system?
A
Archae
Bacteria
Eukaryota
5
Q
In the three domain system what is archae?
A
Primitive bacteria, live in extreme environments
6
Q
In the three domain system what is bacteria?
A
True bacteria
7
Q
In the three domain system what is eukaryota?
A
Protitsts, plants, animals, fungi
8
Q
What is a gamete?
A
Contains single chromosomes
9
Q
What is an example of a gamete?
A
Egg and sperm
10
Q
What is colour blindness in humans and fur colour in mice controlled by?
A
A single gene
11
Q
Who developed the three domain system?
A
Carl Woese
12
Q
Why was the three domain system developed?
A
Due to evidence from genetic studies
13
Q
What was Lamaracks evolution theory?
A
Changes that occur in an organism during its lifetime can be inherited, know now that this can’t happen
14
Q
What sex chromosome does offspring inherit from mother?
A
X
15
Q
What sex chromosome do offspring inherit from father?
A
X or Y
16
Q
What are the 2 chromosomes that women have?
A
Identical chromosomes, X X
17
Q
What chromosomes do males have?
A
X and Y
18
Q
What are punnet squares used for?
A
Product monohybrid cross outcomes (crosses of single gene combos)
19
Q
What can plants reproduce sexually?
A
Seeds
20
Q
What do plants use to produce asexually?
A
Bulbs and runners
21
Q
How does malaria parasite produce sexually?
A
In mosquito
22
Q
How does malaria parasite repoduce asexually?
A
In humans
23
Q
Why us DNA important?
A
Essential for life, stores and transmits instructions for development of living organisms
24
Q
The important uses of the whole genome being studied?
A
-Doctors can search for genes linked to different types of disorders
-Helps scientists understand cause and how to treat inherited diseases
-How humans have changed over time
25
What is the name for a gene that has different forms?
Alleles
26
What is an allele?
An alternative form of a particular gene
27
Risks of selective breeding?
Lead to inbreeding where some breeds are prone to inherited defects or diseases
28
What is variation due to differences in ?
Combination of:
▪︎Genes inherited (genetic)
▪︎Conditions individuals develop (environment)
29
What structures does DNA contain?
Chromosomes
30
What is a gene?
Small section of DNA in a chromosome
31
What is a small section of a chromosome?
A gene
32
What do mutations create?
Alleles
33
Advantages of asexual reproduction?
One parent required, fewer resources, faster
34
Disadvantages of asexual reproduction?
Offspring not well adapted
35
What are the 3 steps to genetically engineer insulin?
1) human insulin gene taken from part of human chromosome
2) ring of bacterial DNA (plasmid) cut open
3) human insulin gene inserted into plasmid
36
What cells have been genetically engineered to produce insulin?
Fungi / bacterial cells
37
Advantages of sexual reproduction?
Variation in offspring, survival advantage
38
Disadvantages of sexual reproduction?
Slow process , more resources required
39
How do strawberry plants produce asexually?
Seed out long shoots called runners which touch the ground and grow a new plant
40
How do daffodils asexually reproduce?
Produce alot of smaller bulbs which grow into new plants
41
Why are there gaps in fossil records?
-Many early forms were soft bodied so left few traces
-Traces left may've been destroyed by biological activity
42
What does asexual reproduction include?
•One parent only
•No fusion of gametes so no mixing of genetic info
•Produces clones
•Mitosis
43
How is a dominant allele expressed?
Always expressed even if only one copy present
44
What happens if a mutation affects a phenotype?
It produces a phenotype that gives an organism a great survival advantage
45
What is a mutation?
Change in DNA structure
46
What is a change in DNA structure called?
A mutation
47
What is homozygous?
Two alleles present are the same
Example: BB, bb
48
What is the name given to two alleles present that are the same?
Homozygous
49
What is DNA made up of?
Sugar phosphate backbone connected by one of the 4 bases: A,G,C, T
50
What is genetic engineering?
Process of moving a gene from one organism to another, different way to selective breed but same effect
51
What is the name of the process of where a gene is moved from one organism to another?
Genetic engineering
52
What is heterozygous?
Alleles are different
Example: Bb
53
What is the name given to alleles that are different?
Heterozygous
54
How many alleles does an individual have for each gene?
2, one from mother, one from father
55
If organisms have choice when do they reproduce asexually?
When conditions are good
56
If organisms have choice why do they produce sexually?
When conditions are getting worse
Example: drop in temp, lack of food
57
How are fossils formed by?
▪︎Hard parts of animals that don't decay
▪︎Parts of organism that haven't decayed due to more than one of the conditions needed for decay absent
▪︎Parts of organism replaced by other materials as they decay
58
What are preserved traces of fossils?
Footprints 👣
59
Types of characteristics selected in genetic engineering?
-Disease resistance in food crops
-Animals that produce more milk
-Domestic dogs with gentle nature
-Large/unusual flowers
60
Why do scientists use fossils?
To look at how organisms have changed over long time periods
61
What is selective breeding used for?
○ Produce food crops from wild plants
○Produce domesticated animals from wild animals
62
What are crops called that have had their genes modified ?
Genetically modified (GM)
63
What are genetically modified crops?
Crops that have had their genes modified
64
What did Lamarack think about giraffe necks?
Necks of giraffes stretched during their lifetime, characteristic passed onto next generation
65
What Darwin think about giraffe necks?
Giraffes that had longer necks could reach more food in trees so more likely to survive and reproduce
66
Why are there new models of classification?
○Microscopes improvement
○Biochemical process better understood (how body converts food into energy)
67
Define evolution?
Gradual change in inherited characteristics of a population over time
68
What can evolution lead to?
Formation of a new species
69
What needs to formations of new species?
Evolution
70
What is the name given to gradual changed in inherited characteristic of a population?
Evolution
71
What is the genome?
All the genetic material found in an organism
72
What is all the genetic material found in an organism called?
The genome
73
Define genus?
Group of closely related species
74
What is the name given to a group of closely related species?
Genus
75
Why aren't there many blood groups?
As controlled by a single gene
76
Why are there many heights?
Because it's a combination of genes and environment
77
What is selective breeding?
Process by which humans breed plants and animals with particular, desirable characteristics
78
What is the name given to the process where humans breed plants and animals with desirable characteristics?
Selective breeding
79
What are fossils?
Remains of organisms from hundreds of thousands of years ago found in rocks
80
What do you inherit which means you inherit genetic disorders?
Inheritance of a certain allele
81
What allele is responsible for polydactyl (extra toes/fingers) ?
Dominant allele
82
What allele is responsible for cystic fibrosis?
Recessive allele
83
Concerns about GM crops?
○Long term effects on insect and wildflower pop like genes for insect resistance may enter wild
○Effect on human health
84
How has antibiotic resistant strains developed by the theory of natural selection?
•bacteria evolve rapidly
•mutated bacteria may be resistant to antibiotics so not killed
•this bacteria survives and reproduces so resistant strain develops
85
4 steps of selective breeding?
1)Choose parents with best desired characteristics
2)Breed together
3)From offspring choose ones with desired characteristics, breed
4)Continue over many generations
86
When is the recessive allele expressed?
If two copies present, no dominant allelle
87
What is it called of only one gene is involved in controlling a characteristic?
Monohybrid inheritance
88
What is monohybrid inheritance?
When only one gene is involved in controlling characteristics
89
What have plants crops been genetically engineered to be?
-Resistance to disease, insects
-Produce bigger, better fruits
90
What does meiosis do?
Halves the number of chromosomes in gametes so fertilisation can restore the full amount
91
What happens when a cell divides by meiosis?
•Copies of genetic info made
•Cell divides 2x, forms 4 gametes
•Each with single set of chromosomes
•All gametes genetically different
92
What type of variation does meiosis result in?
Offspring variation
93
What does meiosis fuse?
Involves fusion of male and female gametes
94
Where does meiosis take place?
Reproductive organs (testes,males)
(Ovaries,females)
95
4 steps of genetic engineering?
1)identify gene u want to transfer
2)use enzymes to isolated gene
3)transfer gene into plasmid
4)desired gene transferred into cells of target organism
96
Why is genetic engineering done at an early stage?
So all cells recieve transfered gene
97
What does the name for felis catus tell us about how they are classified?
Genus=Felis
Species=Felis Catus
98
How has studying the human genome helped scientists understand and treat genetic disorders?
•Identify specific mutations/DNA changes
•Develop diagnostic tests for early detection
•Create targeted treatments
