Evolution, Natural Selection, Antibiotic Resistance

Question 1

Bacteria can exchange genetic information by _______

Answer 1

HGT (Horizontal Gene Transfer)

Question 2

Can bacteria acquire new traits?

Answer 2

Yes (to survive hostile environments)

Question 3

Survival of the fittest is also referred to as…

Answer 3

Natural Selection

Question 4

Bacteria selects ____ out of ____ _______ that enabled them to _______.

Answer 4

1, 2, traits, survive

Question 5

What selects the traits in natural selection?

Answer 5

Bacteria

Question 6

Which out of the 2 traits is selected?

Answer 6

The trait that allowed it to survive and reproduce.

Question 6

Bacteria can become resistant to antibiotics through:
1.
2.

Answer 6

1. random mutations
2. evolutionary stress

Question 7

What are 4 contributing factors to antibiotic resistance?

Answer 7

1. Overuse of broad spectrum antibiotics.
2. incorrect diagnosis of a viral infection, not a bacterial infection
3. improper use by patient (not finishing full course)
4. use of antibiotics on livestock

Question 8

True or False: MRSA stands for Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus.

Answer 8

True

Question 9

What is step 1 of the formation of antibiotic resistant bacteria?

Answer 9

1. A bacterium mutates and becomes antibiotic resistant.

Question 10

What is step 2 of the formation of antibiotic resistant bacteria?

Answer 10

2. Antibiotic kills of all bacteria except for the antibiotic resistant bacterium.

Question 11

What is step 3 of the formation of antibiotic resistant bacteria?

Answer 11

3. Antibiotic resistant bacterium multiplies, forming a population of antibiotic resistant bacteria.

Question 12

What is step 4 of the formation of antibiotic resistant bacteria?

Answer 12

Antibiotic resistant bacteria can transfer their mutation to other bacteria.

Question 13

True or False: Viruses don’t need a host to reproduce.

Answer 13

False- they do need a host.

Question 14

What is the job of viruses?

Answer 14

To invade the immune system of the host to reproduce or make more copies of itself.

Question 15

Do vaccines and supplements work against viruses?

Answer 15

Yes

Question 16

What does HIV cause?

Answer 16

AIDS

Question 17

Does bacteria reproduce at a fast or slow rate?

Answer 17

Fast rate.

Question 18

What does HIV stand for?

Answer 18

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Question 19

How is HIV caused?

Answer 19

HIV is caused by a virus

Question 20

True or False: HIV can rapidly develop resistance to anti-viral medications.

Answer 20

True

Question 21

Is there a vaccine for HIV?

Answer 21

No

Question 22

Is there a cure for AIDS?

Answer 22

No

Question 23

How is HIV spread?

Answer 23

Through sexual contact.

Question 24

What is the definition of evolution?

Answer 24

Evolution is any change in the heritable traits within a population across generations.

Question 25

True or False: Evolution does not give evidence that all species had a common ancestor.

Answer 25

False.

Question 26

What is Charles Darwin known for?

Answer 26

His findings on the Galapagos Islands.

Question 27

What is the idea of Darwinism?

Answer 27

The idea that evolution occurs by Natural Selection (survival of the fittest).

Question 28

With natural selection, organisms produce _____ offspring than can survive, which produces ___________.

Answer 28

More, competition.

Question 29

With natural selection, individuals in the population with ________ variations/traits survive and ____ them on to the next ____________.

Answer 29

useful, pass, generation

Question 30

Only the ________ will pass along favorable traits.

Answer 30

fittest

Question 31

What is the evidence of evolution? (Think FAME).

Answer 31

Fossil Evidence Anatomical structures (body parts) Molecular Evidence (DNA/RNA/ATP) Embryological (Embryos look similar from one species to the next).

Question 32

Fossils offer insight into evolution over ______ ___________.

Answer 32

Long timescales

Question 33

Transitional Fossils are the missing _____ in evolution, as the traits are common to both ancestral groups and its descendents.

Answer 33

Links

Question 34

What is a homologous structure?

Answer 34

Structures with unique physical features but have different functions. (with a common ancestor)

Question 35

What is an analogous structure?

Answer 35

Structures found in different species and have the same function, but no common ancestor.

Question 36

Vestigial structures: Sometimes organisms have structures that have no apparent function, but are ____________ to useful structures in other organisms.

Answer 36

Homologous

Question 37

Vestigial structures appear as evolutionary "____________".

Answer 37

leftovers

Question 38

True or False: Some examples of vestigial structures on humans are wisdom teeth, appendix, and male nipples.

Answer 38

True

Question 39

True or False: You can't use molecular biology as evidence for evolution.

Answer 39

False

Question 40

Like similar structures, similar biological molecules can reflect shared evolutionary ancestry with.... - same ____ - same or very similar ________ _____ - same basic processes for gene ___________ (transcription/translation) -same molecular building blocks (_______ _________)

Answer 40

DNA, genetic codes, expression, amino acids

Question 41

Can biologists compare nucleotide sequences of genes to determine the relatedness of organisms?

Answer 41

Yes

Question 42

True or False: Biologists use the gene sequences found in different species to determine the evolutionary relatedness to one another and a common ancestor.

Answer 42

True

Question 43

In embryology, it is believed that the ______ similarities = the _____ closely related, which supports the idea of a _________ ancestor.

Answer 43

more, more, common