Evolution of Humans

Question 1

define hominin

Answer 1

members of tribe hominini; great apes and humans
Define by: dental features, bipedalism, large neocortex, tool making behaviour
characteristics were mosaic

Question 2

modern homo sapiens

• locomotion
• brain size
• dentition
• tool making

Answer 2

• bipedal; shortened pelvis, large body and legs
• highly encephalised
• small incisors, canine reduced, molar enamel caps thick
• cultural dependancy post 2.5mya

Question 3

early hominins

• locomotion
• brain size
• dentition
• tool making

Answer 3

• bipedal, shortened pelvis, small body, longer arms than legs, considerable climbing
• moderately encephalised
• large incisor, canines reduced, molar enamel caps very thick
• no stone tools prior to 2.5mya, but more oriented than chimpanzee

Question 4

miocene (generalised hominoid)

• locomotion
• brain size
• dentition
• tool making

Answer 4

• quadrupedal, long pelvis, considerable arm swinging, suspensory locomotion
• small neocortex, some cephalisation
• large incisor, think or thick enamel caps
• no stone tools, same capabilities as chimpanzee

Question 5

Sahelanthropus Tchadensis

Answer 5

7mya, 320-380, foramen magnum position suggests bipedalism, small canine, small face

Question 6

ardipithecus ramidus

Answer 6

4.4mya, pelvis suggests bipedal, upper:lower limbs large, fingers curved, big toe divergent

Question 7

australopithecus afarensis

Answer 7

3.9-3.0 mya, low forehead, projecting jaw, big toe aligned, longitudinal arch

Question 8

australopithecus africanus

Answer 8

3.3-2.3 mya, brow region reduced

Question 9

paranthropus

Answer 9

2.7-1.1 mya, three species: aethiopicus, boisei, rubustus

Question 10

paranthropus aethiopicus

Answer 10

sagittal crest, sygomatic arch, brow ridges, 410cm^3

Question 11

homo habilis

Answer 11

use hands for tools, 510cm^3, small orbit, prognathic in face

Question 12

homo rudolfensis

Answer 12

2.4-1.6 mya, 700-750 cm^3, vertical flat face,

Question 13

homo ergaster

Answer 13

1.9-1.5 mya, 910 cm^3, efficient bipedal, tall, large brain and body

Question 14

homo erectus

Answer 14

1. 8-0.27 mya
   indonesia: long skull, flat forehead, 940 cm^3, browridges
   italy: 1000cm^3, 1.2-0.78 mya

Question 15

archaic homo sapiens

Answer 15

0.6-0.13 mya, low vault, 1280 cm^3, modern cranial base

Question 16

neanderthals

Answer 16

225-28 kya

lack of chin, low receding forehead, large arching browridges, occipital bun, no retromolar space

wide scapula, large and wide rib cage, wide hips, tout femoral shaft, short tibia and fibula