Evolution Quiz

Question 1

Speciation

Answer 1

New species filling new niches, because the inherited successful adaptations

Question 2

Natural selection

Answer 2

Process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at a higher rates than other individuals because of those traits

Question 3

Darwin’s ideas

Answer 3

Natural selection, variation exists in population, over-production of offspring, competition, differential survival (successful traits = adaptations), differential reproduction

Question 4

Selection

Answer 4

Acts on any trait that affects survival or reproduction

Question 5

Predation selection

Answer 5

Act on both predator and prey - speed, behaviors, camouflage + mimicry, defenses (physical + chemical)

Question 6

Physiological selection

Answer 6

Acting on body functions - disease resistance, physiology efficiency (using oxygen, food, water), biochemical versatility protection from injury

Question 7

Sexual selection

Answer 7

Acting on reproductive success - attractiveness to potential mate, fertility of gametes, successful rearing of offspring ; can act in opposition to natural selection

Question 8

Directional selection

Answer 8

Selective pressures are working in favor of one extreme of a trait when looking at distribution of traits in a population, graph tends to lean more towards one side

Question 9

Stabilizing selection

Answer 9

There are selective pressures working against two extremes of a trait and therefore the intermediate (middle) trait is selected - graph in middle

Question 10

Disruptive selection

Answer 10

Selective pressures are working in favor of the two extremes and against the intermediate trait - graph has two peaks

Question 11

Artificial selection

Answer 11

Human selection of breeding pairsto produce offspring with favorable + desirable traits

Question 12

Selective breeding

Answer 12

Choosing parents with particular characteristics to breed together and produce offspring with more desirable characterists/traits

Question 13

Anatomical evidence

Answer 13

Structures are homologous and they’re evidence for common ancestry; similar internal structure = similar development; different function = different environment + niche

Question 14

Homologous structures

Answer 14

Similar physicalfeatures in organisms that share a common ancestor, but the features serve completely different functions

Question 15

Analogous structures

Answer 15

Structures of different species that have the same function, but different development and anatomy; these traits arise from convergent evolution ; NOT COMMON ANCESTOR

Question 16

Convergent evolution

Answer 16

When species occupy similar ecological niches and adapt in similar ways in response to similar selective pressures

Question 17

Vestigial organs

Answer 17

Remains of ancestral structures = mutations can occur without affecting survival + reproduction; no longer functional; evolutionary relationship

Question 18

Fitness

Answer 18

Survival + reproductive success; individuals with one phenotype leave more surviving offspring

Question 19

5 agents of evolutionary change

Answer 19

Mutation; gene flow; non-random mating; genetic drift; selection

Question 20

Gene flow

Answer 20

Movement of individuals & alleles in and out of populations; migration of animals

Question 21

Non-random mating

Answer 21

Sexual selection

Question 22

Genetic drift

Answer 22

Chance events changing frequency of traits in a population; not adaptation to environmental conditions (not selection); founder effect + bottleneck; random change

Question 23

Founder effect

Answer 23

When a new population is started by only a small group of individuals

Question 24

Bottleneck effect

Answer 24

When a large population is drastically reduced by a disaster (famine, natural disaster, loss of habitat); loss of variation by chance event - alleles lust from gene pool

Question 25

Species

Answer 25

Population whose members can interbreed + produce viable, fertile offspring; reproductively compatible

Question 26

Allopathic isolation

Answer 26

Geographic separation (different country)

Question 27

Sympatric isolation

Answer 27

Still live in same area (same country)

Question 28

Pre-reproduction barriers (pre-zygotic)

Answer 28

Geographical isolation, ecological isolation, temporal isolation behavioral isolation, mechanical isolation, gametic isolation

Question 29

Geographic isolation

Answer 29

Species occur in different areas - physical barrier (allopatric speciation)

Question 30

Ecological isolation

Answer 30

Species occur in same region, but occupy different habitats so they rarely encounter each other

Question 31

Temporal isolation

Answer 31

Species that breed during different times of day, different seasons, or different years cannot mix gametes

Question 32

Behavioral isolation

Answer 32

Unique behavioral patterns + rituals isolate species (identifies members of species + attract mates of same species)

Question 33

Mechanical isolation

Answer 33

Morphological differences can prevent successful mating

Question 34

Gametic isolation

Answer 34

Sperm of one species may not be able to fertilize eggs of another species

Question 35

Post-reproduction barriers (post-zygotic)

Answer 35

Prevent hybrid offspring from developing into a viable, fertile adult; reduced hybrid viability, reduced hybrid fertility, hybrid breakdown

Question 36

Reduced hybrid viability

Answer 36

Genes of different parent species may interact + impair the hybrids development

Question 37

Reduced hybrid fertility

Answer 37

Even if hybrids are vigorous they may be steric

Question 38

Hybrid breakdown

Answer 38

Hybrids may be fertile + viable in the first generation, but when they mate offspring are feeble or sterile