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BIOLOGY QUIZ > Evolution quiz > Flashcards

Evolution quiz Flashcards

(89 cards)

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1
Q

What are mutations

A

changes in the genetic material of an organism

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2
Q

what are the three mutations

A

neutral beneficial and harmful

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3
Q

what is a neutral mutation and an example

A

no effect on the organisms biological fitness
- attached or detached earlobes

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4
Q

what are beneficial mutations and an example

A

increases an organisms biological fitness to survive or produce
- webbed feet on a duck helps them swim faster

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5
Q

what are harmful mutations

A

prevents a gene to function properly, decreasing biological fitness
- allele or cystic fibrosis

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6
Q

what is biological fitness

A

an organisms ability to survive and reproduce

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7
Q

what is selective pressure and an example

A

environmental conditions that select certain characteristics of individuals and select against other charactertics - Moths turning black because of the industrial revolution

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8
Q

What is artificial selection and an example

A

Selective pressure exerted by humans on populations in order to improve or modify desirable traits.
Ex. Dogs are selectively bred for a purpose by humans.

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9
Q

four steps for artificial selection

A
  1. desired traits are identified
  2. they are bred
  3. offspring that only contains desired traits are bred.
  4. repeated over generations till its fully developed.
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10
Q

What is natural selection

A

A process that results when characteristics of a population or organisms change over many generations.

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11
Q

What are the 4 types of natural selection

A

directional, stabilizing, disruptive, and sexual selection

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12
Q

What is directional selection

A

selection that favors, increases, or decreases certain phenotypes coompared to the initial population increase.
- favors extreme variation
- shifts away from average
- common in artifical breeding

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13
Q

what is stabilizing selection

A

selection that favors the average phenotype
- individuals with extreme traits have lower fitness
- extreme traits are selected against

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14
Q

What is disruptive selection

A

selection that favors 2 or more variations of phenotype, that differ from initial populations
- opposite traits favored
- average traits are selected against

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15
Q

what is sexual selection and how many traits are favoured and why?

A

reproductive success increases an organisms fitness
- 1 trait is favored because it increases the organisms ability to reproduce

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16
Q

Female mate choices for sexual selection

A

bright colors, successful mating rituals, etc.

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17
Q

male v male competition comparisons for sexual selection

A

Male v male comp: males with large body size, features or strength.

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18
Q

what is directional selection selected towards and against and what is it common in?

A
  • favors extreme variation
  • shifts away from average
  • common in artifical breeding
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19
Q

What is stabilizing selection selected towards and against and what do certain individuals have

A
  • individuals with extreme traits have lower fitness
  • extreme traits are selected against
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20
Q

What is disruptive
selection selected towards and against

A
  • opposite traits favored
  • average traits are selected against
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21
Q

Radiometric dating formula for age –> P

A
  1. n = Age/H-life
  2. P = 0.5n (number of h-lifes)
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22
Q

what is a half-life

A

the time it takes for 50 % of a parent isotope to decay to the daughter isotope.

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23
Q

Radiometric dating formula for P –> age

A
  1. n = Log P / Log 0.5
  2. age = n X h-life
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24
Q

what is adaption?

A

a structure, behaviour, or physiological process that helps organisms survive and reproduce in a particular environment.

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25
example of adaption
an owl's feathers for silent flight
26
What is variation?
structural, functional, or physiological differences between individuals
27
T or F: environmental conditions determine if the adaption has a positive, negative, or neutral effect.
True
28
Example of variation within species
Kittens inheriting different alleles from their parents, giving them different phenotypes.
29
What is Eugene debois theory (2)
First personal to deliberately search for fossils of human ancestors Found java man, which was the upright ape man that he believed showed the transition from ape to human
30
What is James Hutton theory mainly about
Uniformitarianism - a geological process operated at the same rates both past and today.
31
what is George Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon theory (2) regarding species
Challenge the idea that species are unchanging speculated common ancestors for human and apes - that species over time
32
what is erasmus darwins theory (2), what did he believe was common and what things did he thought helped with how species are formed
all species have a common ancestor thought competition and sexual selection help determine how species are formed
33
what is jean-baptiste lamarks theory (2) and is the first one valid
believed in inheritance of acquired characteristics, characteristics acquired in an organisms lifetime can be passed onto offspring (not valid) followed changes in species in fossil record
34
what is goerge cuviers theory (4), what did he develop, and how did the rocks help his understanding
developed paleontology - study of life through fossils each layer of rock had unique fossil species the deeper the species the more different they were to modern catastrophism - catastrophes detroyed species in an area and new species moved in
35
what is charles lyell theory (3), what did he support, and what was his belief about the earth
supported uniformitarianism - earth has always been in a state of change thought earth was older than 6,000 theorized that slow subtle processes could happen over time and result in major changes
36
What are the 5 evidences of evolution
Fossil record Anatomy Embryology Molecular biology Biogeography
37
3 types of evolution
convergent, divergent, and vesitigial
38
what does the fossil record help with evidence
displays the history of life on earth.
39
T or F: fossils are made when organisms are buried in sediment, which gets converted to rock.
True
40
Do fossils appear in chronological order
fossils to appear in chronological order
41
do fossils appear in the fossil record at the same time?
no, as organisms have slowly evolved from ancestral forms.
42
what are transitional fossils and what type of evidence for evolution are they apart of?
they are the fossils that display the links between groups of organisms, and it's apart of the fossil record
43
what are the three examples of transitional fossils
archaeopteryx - between dinosaurs, reptiles, and birds acanthostega - between fish and amphibians basilosaurus - between aquatic mammals to terrestrial ancestors
44
what things are involved with the anatomy of evidence of evolution
homologous, analogous, convergent, divergent, and vestigial evolution
45
what are homologous structures
variations of a common ancestor, but have different structure and functions
46
what are analogous structures
same functions, but different ancestry
47
similarities between embryos point to what?
common ancestral origin
48
in early stages of development during embryology, all embryos have what?
tail and gill pouches
49
how does molecular biology help find evidence of evolution
- DNA analysis to determine how close two organisms are, and if two species have similar patterns, this indicates these sequences must have been inherited by a common ancestor - Protein analysis, the amino acid sequence can be similar among organisms that can help see if organisms are related.
50
what is biogeography
the study of geographical distribution of species.
51
what are the 5 mechanisms of evolution
natural selection, mutations, gene flow (migration), non random mating
52
what are mutations
a change in DNA of an individual, which may influence the gene pool. Changes the frequency of alleles, along with randomly introducing new alleles.
53
if there's more genetic variation in a population, this means what for mutations?
there's a greater chance of the diversity and chance of selective advantages to individuals in a changing environment.
54
what is gene flow
the movement of alleles from one population to another.
55
what does gene flow bring
this brings new alleles into the gene pool of a nearby population and increases genetic diversity.
56
what is non-random mating?
Mating for a specific phentotype due to inbreeding, increases the proportion of homozygous individuals in a population.
57
What does non-random mating choose preffered phenotypes on?
specific physical and behavioural traits.
58
what is genetic drift?
random changes in genetic variation from generation to generation due to pure chance.
59
is genetic drift more present in bigger or smaller populations
smaller
60
what two situations lead to genetic drift
the founders or bottleneck effect.
61
what is the founders effect?
when a small # of individuals establish a new population
62
what is founders effect losing
genetic variation
63
what is the bottleneck effect
a reduction in population size resulting in significant genetic drift.
64
what can and cannot be saved during the bottleneck effect
population can be saved, diversity cannot.
65
what are the two isolating mechanisms
pre-zygotic reproductive isolating mechanisms Post-zygotic reproductive isolating mechanisms
66
which methods of isolation prevent mating
habitat, temporal, and behavioural
67
what methods of isolation prevents fertilization
mechanical, gametic,
68
name the pre-zygotic methods
habitat, temporal, behavioural, mechanical, gametic
69
name the post-zygotic methods
hybrid breakdown, hybrid inviability, and hybrid sterility
70
what is habitat isolation
the occupation of different habitats by different species
71
what is temporal isolation
different species will breed during different times.
72
what is behavioural isolation
different species will use different signals to attract a male (calls, songs, movements, scents)
73
what is mechanical isolation
when a reproductive anatomy is incompatible with another organism/species.
74
what is gametic isolation
when gametes use molecular markers to identify other gametes of the same species
75
what is hybrid breakdown
no fertilized zygotes or embryos develop when hybrids are crossed.
76
what is hybrid inviability
hybrid offspring is unlikely to live for long
77
what is hybrid sterility
hybrids offspring is sterile
78
what are the two evolutions of speciation
micro and macroevolution
79
what is microevolution
evolutionary change that occurs at the species level.
80
what is macroevolution
the formation of a new species from existing species
81
what are the two modes of speciation
allopatric, and sympatric
82
what is allopatric speciation
when 2 populations become geographically isolated from one another & individuals can no longer migrate between both populations
83
what is sympatric speciation
when populations split into different gene pools and continue to share similar geographic location.
84
what is adaptive radiation a form of
allopatric speciation
85
what is adaptive radiation
the diversification of a common ancestral species into a variety of differently adapted species.
86
how does adaptive radiation occur
occurs when new resources are created or new environmental pressures are present.
87
What is the source of new alleles in a species?
mutation
88
how do vesitigial structures provide evidence for evolution
they show how new structures evolve, showing what parts organisms dont use anymore
89

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