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Envi 11 > Evolution, Species Interactions and Biological Communities > Flashcards

Evolution, Species Interactions and Biological Communities Flashcards

1
Q

Each species has inherited characteristics, or traits that help it survive. T/F

A

True

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2
Q

involves changes in a population, characteristics that are passed from one generation to the next.

A

Adapation

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3
Q

individual organism’s changes in response to an altered environment

A

acclimation

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4
Q

He explored the process in detail about the organism’s changes in response to an altered environment through the book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection in 1859

A

Charles Darwin

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5
Q

He was one of the many who observed and pondered the origins of natural variation

A

Charles Darwin

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6
Q

What book did Charles Darwin published in 1859?

A

On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection

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7
Q

Better competitors in a population are more likely to survive – giving them greater potential to produce offspring. T/F

A

True

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8
Q

refer to the process in which individuals with useful traits pass on those traits to the next generation, while others reproduce less successfully.

A

Natural Selection

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9
Q

An organism’s physiology and behavior allow it to survive to all environments. T/F

A

False. only in certain envrionments.

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10
Q

Environmental factors mus be at appropriate levels for organisms to persist:

A 
Temperature
Moisture Level
Nutrient Supply
Soil and water chemistry
Living space
Others
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11
Q

Critical Limiting Factors

A
  1. physiological stress due to inappropriate levels of a critical environmental factor
  2. competition with other species
  3. predation
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12
Q

He as a chemist that proposed that the single factor in shortest supply relative to demand is the critical factor determining where a species lives.

A

Justus von Liebig, 1840

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13
Q

Justus von Liebig in 1840 proposed that the single factor in shortest supply relative to demand is what determining where a species lives.

A

Critical Factor

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14
Q

sometimes the requirements and tolerances of specieis are useful indicators which is also known as

A

Indicator Species

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15
Q

the place or set of environmenta lconditions in which a particular organisms lives

A

Habitat

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16
Q

describes both the role played by a species in a biological community and the set of environmental factors that determine its distribution

A

ecological niche

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17
Q

the concept of niche was first defined in 1927 by

A

Charles Elton

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18
Q

defined its way of obtaining food, the relationships it had with other species, and the services it provided to its community.

A

niche

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19
Q

these species tolerate a wide range of conditions or exploit a wide range of resources and often have large geographic ranges

A

Generalists

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20
Q

these species have narrow ecological niche

A

Specialists

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21
Q

These restrict the ecological niche

A

Genetic Traits

Instinctive behaviours

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22
Q

He explained that complete competitors cannot coexist.

A

G.F. Gause

23
Q

G.F. Gause thought of an idea that no two species can occupy the same ecological niche for long.

A

Principle of Competitive Exclusion

24
Q

other species disappears or develops a new niche, exploiting resources differently, a process known as what?

A

Resource partitioning

25
Q

this can allow several species to utilize different parts of the same resource and coexist within a single habitat

A

partitioning

26
Q

classic example of resource partitioning was studied by

A

Robert MacArthur

27
Q

development of a new species

A

speciation

28
Q

speciation that occurs when populations are geographically separated

A

Allopatric Speciation

29
Q

speciation that occurs within one geographic area

A

sympatric speciation

30
Q

general term for factors that make certain mutations advantageous

A

selection presure

31
Q

general term for factors that modify species’ traits

A

selective pressure

32
Q

comptition over resources can exert selective pressure by causing specieis to partition, or separate, their use of the resource. t/f

A

true

33
Q

competition leads to resource allocation

A

species interaction

34
Q

type of antagonistic relationships within a biological community

A

competition

35
Q

competition among members of the same species

A

intraspecific competition

36
Q

competition between members of different species

A

interspecific competition`

37
Q

effect of predations in communities

A

affects

  1. all stages in the life cycles of predator and prey species
  2. many specialized food-obtaining mechanisms
  3. evolutionary adjustments in behavior and body characteristics that help prey escape being eaten and help predators more efficiently catch their prey
38
Q

a superior competitior in a habitat builds up a larger population that its competiting species

A

predator-mediated competition

39
Q

predation doesn’t lead to adaptation (t/f)

A

false

40
Q

general term for close adaptaion of two species is

A

coevolution

41
Q

He introduced the term Batesian mimicry that certain species that are harmless resemble poisonous or distasteful ones, gaining protection against predators that remember a bad experience with the actual toxic organism.

A

Hentry Walter Bates

42
Q

This term was named after Henry Walter Bates

A

Batesian mimicry

43
Q

interdependence of organism to another

A

mutualism

44
Q

type of symbiosis in which one member clearly benefits and the other apparently is neither benefited nor harmed

A

commensalism

45
Q

a form of predation, is considered symbiosis because of the dependency of the parasite on its host

A

parasitism

46
Q

plays a critical role in a biological community that is out of proportion to its abundance

A

keystone species

47
Q

a growth of the housefly population that doesn’t have a limit and possessing a distinctive shape when graphed over time

A

exponential growth

48
Q

occurs because of its changes in growth rate over time

A

logistic growth

49
Q

mean the number or biomass of animals that can be supported in a certain area of habitat

A

carrying capacity

50
Q

death exceeding birth

A

population crash or dieback

51
Q

adapted to employ a high reproductive rate to overcome the high mortality of virtually ignored offspring

A

r-selected species

52
Q

adapted to slower growth conditions near the carrying capacity of their environment

A

k-selected species

53
Q

r-selected species are also known as

A

prey (low-trophic level)

54
Q

k-selected species are also known as

A

predator high-trophic level)

Envi 11 (7 decks)

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