Evolution Unit 3

Question 1

Who was Corolus Linnaeus?

Answer 1

-Father of modern taxonomy
-Created binomial nomenclature (genus and species name)

Question 2

Who was George-Louis Le Clerc?

Answer 2

-Wrote Histoire Naturelle
-First person to publically challenge the idea life forms are unchanging
-Suggestef Earth was much older than 6000 years

Question 3

Who was Erasmus Darwin?

Answer 3

-Published book Zoonomia
-Believed evolution takes place in both plants and animas

Question 4

Who was Georges Cuvier?

Answer 4

-Developed science of paleontology
-Found that deeper the rock layer older the fossils
-Principle of Catastrophism

Question 5

Who was James Hutton?

Answer 5

-Geologist
-Published Theory of the Earth
-Came up with Gradualism, the slow and steady change

Question 6

Who was Thomas Malthus?

Answer 6

-Wrote an essay on the principle of population
-Thought food supply could not keep up with population

Question 7

Who was Charles Lyell?

Answer 7

-Wrote principles of geology
-Came up with Uniformitatianism, geological process operates at the same rates as today as they did in the past

Question 8

Who was Jean-Baptiste Lamark?

Answer 8

-came up with Law of use and disuse, and inheritamce of acquired characteristics

Question 9

Who was charles Darwin?

Answer 9

-proved his theory of natural selection, evolution
-Published book on the orgin of species

Question 10

What does populations mean?

Answer 10

The same species that live together in a given region capable of interbreeding.

Question 11

What is population genetics?

Answer 11

Study of changes in the genetic make-up of populations.

Question 12

What is a gene pool?

Answer 12

Complete set of all alleles contained within a species or population.

Question 13

How do you determine the gene pool?

Answer 13

Multiply # of individuals in a pool x2

Question 14

How do you determine the % for all the allele frequincies

Answer 14

Divide the # of alleles by the total population then multiply by 100.

Question 15

What is the modern definition of evolution according to the modern theory of evolution?

Answer 15

Any change in the allele frequencies for a trait in populations over a period of time.

Question 16

What does Biogeography mean?

Answer 16

Study of the past (fossils) and present (living species) geographical distribution of species.

Question 17

What is plate tectonics?

Answer 17

The scientific theory that decribes the large scale movements and features of earths crust.

Question 18

What is Continental dift?

Answer 18

Movement of the Earths continents appearing to drift across the ocean bed (Alfred Wagner 1912).

Question 19

What is the fossil record?

Answer 19

A chronological collection of lifes remains in rock layers, recorded during the passage of time.

Question 20

What is relative dating?

Answer 20

Approximate age based on comparing it to other known fossils.

Question 21

What is Absolute dating?

Answer 21

Actual age on a fossil in years.

Question 22

what are the 2 reasons not all living organisms can become fossils?

Answer 22

1) Environmental Conditions- Specific conditions are needed to fossilize organisms (high O2, dry)
2) Organisms Makeup- species with hard parts such as bones and shells become fossilized more easily than soft bodied organisms

Question 23

What is a homologous structure?

Answer 23

Structures with the same evolutionary orgin that may serve different functions in modern species.

Question 24

What is a Vestigial structure?

Answer 24

Remnants of structures that may have had important functions in ancestrial species but have no clear function in some of the modern descendants.

Question 25

What is a Analogous structure?

Answer 25

Structures that have same functions, but their structures are different because they are distantly related.

Question 26

What group of mammals are humans closely related to?

Answer 26

Primates.

Question 27

By how much % are chimpanzees related to humans?

Answer 27

98%

Question 28

What is a Pseudogene?

Answer 28

Genes that have gone under mutations and no longer serve a useful purpose.

Question 29

What is the building block of protien?

Answer 29

Amino acids.

Question 30

What molecule is commonly used to compare amino acid sequences?

Answer 30

Hemoglobin.

Question 31

What is genetic drift?

Answer 31

Any change in the allele frequency as a result of random chance.

Question 32

What are the two types of genetic drift?

Answer 32

1) Bottleneck effect 2) Founder effect

Question 33

What is the bottleneck effect?

Answer 33

A dramatic temporary, reduction in population size resulting in genetic drift.

Question 34

What is the Founder effect?

Answer 34

Few individuals from large populations may leave to establish a new population.

Question 35

What is Gene flow?

Answer 35

Movement of alleles from one population to another through the movement of individuals (increases genetic variation).

Question 36

What is a Mutation ?

Answer 36

Any change in the DNA sequence of an organism ; randomly introduced new alleles into a population.

Question 37

Do mutations play a role in evolution?

Answer 37

Yes.

Question 38

What is the only source of new genetic material?

Answer 38

Mutations.

Question 39

What is sexual selection?

Answer 39

Differential reproductive success caused by variation in the abilty to obtain mates.

Question 40

What is intra sexual selection?

Answer 40

Within the same sex, competition for mates of opposite sex (Male Vs Male)

Question 41

What is inter sexual selection?

Answer 41

Between members of the opposite sex, one sex (usually females) are choosy for mate choice.

Question 42

What is sexual dimorphism?

Answer 42

The difference in form between male and female of the same species.

Question 43

What is artificial selection?

Answer 43

Breeding of domestic plants and animals to produce desirable traits.

Question 44

What is natural selection?

Answer 44

Organisms with favourable variations survive and produce more offspring (not random process)

Question 45

What are the 3 types of natural natural selection?

Answer 45

1) Directional selection 2) Stabilizing selection 3) Disruptive selection

Question 46

What is directional selection?

Answer 46

Favours phenotypes at one extreme over another.

Question 47

What is stabilizing selection?

Answer 47

Favours intermediate phenotypes and acts against extreme variants.

Question 48

What is Disruptive selection?

Answer 48

Favours the extremes of a range of phenotypes, can result in elimination of intermediate phenotypes.

Question 49

What is adaptation?

Answer 49

The process which takes place under natural selection over a period of time, where an organism becomes better suited for its environment.

Question 50

What are the 3 types of adaptations?

Answer 50

1) structural adaptation 2) physiological adaptation 3) behavioural adaptation

Question 51

What is structural adaptation?

Answer 51

An adaptation which involves some part of an organisms body.

Question 52

What is physiological adaptation?

Answer 52

An adaptation which involves the chemicals needed for an organism to preform a function.

Question 53

What is behavioural adaptation?

Answer 53

An adaptation involving reactions to the environment.

Question 54

What is mimicry?

Answer 54

When one organism changes over time to look similar to or mimic another species.

Question 55

What are the 2 types of mimicry?

Answer 55

1) batesian mimicry 2) mullerian mimicry

Question 56

What is batesian mimicry?

Answer 56

A palatable or harmless species mimics an unpalatable or harmful species. Allows the mimic to avoid its predators.

Question 57

What is mullerian mimicry?

Answer 57

A harmful species mimics another harmful species, allows predetors to more quickly avoid such species.