evolutionary explanation

Question 1

evolutionary explanation

Answer 1

changes in species
- characteristics that enhance survival and reproduction are naturally selected

Question 2

evolutionary explanation of :

Answer 2

1. sexual jealousy
2. bullying

Question 3

what is sexual jealousy

Answer 3

a major motivator of agg in males
- argued to be bc of cuckoldry (raising another mans kids without knowing)

Question 4

why can sexual jealousy be explained by evolutionary pyschology

Answer 4

if a man raises kids that aren’t his, he would have wasted time and resources raising kids that don’t share his genes and has contributed to the survival of a rivals genes

Question 5

what does evolutionary explanation say about sexual jealousy

Answer 5

• men who avoided cuckoldry were more reproductively successful
• sexual jealousy is an evolved mechanism to increase anti-cuckoldry behaviours in males
• these mechanisms drive (often) agg strategies men employ to retain their partner

Question 6

Wilson and Daly

Answer 6

identified mate retention strategies
- involve aggression and even physical violence

Question 7

mate retention strategies

Answer 7

1. direct guarding
2. negative inducements

Question 8

direct guarding

Answer 8

male vigilance over their partner
- checking phones, telling them what to wear

Question 9

negative inducements

Answer 9

issuing threats of dire consequences
- I’ll kill myself if you leave

Question 10

evidence for mate retention strategies

Answer 10

Wilson et al
- found women who reported mate retention strategies in their partners were 2x as likely to face physical violence from partner
- 73% of these required medical attention and 53% said they feared for their lives

Question 11

Shackleford

Answer 11

studied IPV in hetero couples
- 107 married couples completed questionnaires (all married <1year)
- male questionnaire assessed mate retention strategies
- female questionnaire measured extent of partners violence in the rs
- pos correlation between men reports of MRB and women’s report of violence
- reliably predicted husband’s use of violence towards violence

Question 12

bullying

Answer 12

can be seen as the result of a power imbalance bc there is a more powerful person

Question 13

Volk

Answer 13

argued bullying is associated w traits that are attractive to the opposite sex
- eg. for males, dominance, acquisition of resources
- women, might bully in relationship as a method of controlling their partner and securing fidelity

Question 14

supporting evaluation

Answer 14

1. research support for aggression and sexual jealousy
2. accounts for gender differences

Question 15

research support for aggression and sexual jealousy

Answer 15

Shackleford
- indicates clear link between greater risk of infidelity, cuckoldry and agg

Question 16

accounts for gender differences

Answer 16

• Campbell, females more likely to engage in acts of verbal agg
• ensures own survival and of offspring
• also prevents life-threatening physical confrontations with their partners so further increases chance if survival through non-agg methods of resolving conflicts

Question 17

opposing evaluations

Answer 17

cultural differences
- !kung san tribe have neg attitudes towards use of agg
- discouraged in childhood and those who seek to raise their status and reputation are diminished
- Yanomamo ppl in Brazil value agg
- it is required and acceptable to use to gain status within their highly structured hierarchy